May 23, 1868. |

THE BUILDER,

365

Ghe Builder,

VOL. XXVL—No. 1320.

The Art-Exhibition in Leeds,

HE long-expected and carefully-prepared Ex- hibition of Works of Fine Art in the new in- firmary, Leeds, was opened by the Prince of Wales on Tuesday last with great éclat, his Royal Highness fal-

duty with an ease and earnestness that grati-/ fied and delighted all concerned. The day)

firmary, it will be re- | membered, has been

erected from the de- signs of Professor G. | G. Scott. It is a red) brick and stone build. |

may be called nine- teenth century Anglo- Italian Gothic. Illus- trations and descrip- tive particulars of it will be found in our volume for 1864.* It is, of course, founded on the pavilion plan, the general adoption of which we take the credit of having materially con- tributed to bring about. The building is situated between the Town-hall and St. George’s Church, and covers an area of 17,300 superficial yards. It is built to accommodate 300 patients, and has cost upwards of 110,0001. On March 29th, 1864, Mr. Alderman Kitson, as chairman of the Build- ing Committee, laid the foundation-stone, and, with the exception of a few interruptions conse- quent on trade disputes, the work continued to progress till the close of last year, when, so far as hospital purposes were concerned, it may be said to have been completed. From ‘south to north the building measures about 390 ft., and from east to west about 240 ft. There are five pavilions, with two wards in each, one over the other. Owing to the nature of the site, there is an extra story in the front portion of the building to what there is at the back, room being only found at the back or northern end for two floors in each pavilion, while at the south the pavilions have three floors, the ground one being used for offices and other purposes. The pavilions are so disposed that three stretch northwards, and two, forming wings as it were to the central building, where is the principal entrance, stretch towards the south. The wards are lighted by double windows on both sides, and are 27 ft. wide, and from 16 ft. to 19 ft. high. The sonth wards are 122 ft. long; those at the north are 10 ft. shorter,

It is unnecessary now to go into many parti- culars, nor shall we here inquire into the merits

* Vol, xxii., pp. 116-117, 152-163,

filling his part of the

was regarded as a ge- neral holiday, crowds 22 ft.—is passed before the main staircase ig filled the streets, and | reached. The staircase is lighted by a central banners waved in all three-light window and by small two-lights. directions. The In- | The architectural combinations here form seve-

ing, in the style that |

and demerits of the structure as a hospital, many of the temporary arrangements for the exhibition interfering considerably to prevent a proper judgment in this respect. We may add briefly, that the principal porch is carried out from the main building on either side upon a bold arch, and that it consists of three arches towards the front, The arches rest upon marble shafting, with carved caps, and the spandrels are filled in with Minton’s encaustic tiles, the tiles surrounding carved medallions executed in floriated work. A balcony, which is formed by the top of the portico, rests on groining, exe- cuted in red and white bricks, with stone ribs, and is ornamented with an open balustrade. The entrance-hall has a panelled ceiling, the beams being supported on carved stone corbels. Three moulded arches, supported on Derbyshire marble colamns, form the end of the hall, out of which passage is obtained from the right and left to a number of the apartments necessary to the work of the Infirmary, and from the imme- diate centre to the corridor leading to the grand staircase. This corridor is 52 ft. long by 14 ft. wide, and is lighted from the roof. The visitor passes into it under a semicircular arch, resting | upon marble colamns. The roof is here of open timber, and the ribs rest upon marble wall- ' shafting, with carved brackets and shafts, rich in representations of plants having known medi- cinal qualities. Another corridor — 33 ft. by

ral pretty pictures. The staircase leads to a

eineiee which goes round the interior of the | building, and gives access to all the pavilions,

jas well as to the central hall, and to other parts ‘of the building. The chapel has stained glass in the three two-light windows in the apse, the gift of the mayor and the mayoress, and Dr. Heaton.

The buildings were originally designed around an open court, about 150 ft. long and 65 ft. wide. For the purposes of the Exhibition it was at first proposed to cover this temporarily ; but, as it was soon seen that such a covered area might be made to serve with good effect as

a winter garden and place of general resort for |

the artists whose works are exhibited. The Exhibition may be described as consisting of,—

1. A collection of paintings in oil by the old masters, from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century.

2. A series of works in oil by British artists, down to the present day.

3. A series of paintings by modern foreign artists. :

4. A collection of water-colour drawings by British artists, deceased and living.

5. Engravings and etchings.

6. Drawings and sketches by the old masters,

7. A collection’ of miniatures in the same gallery.

8. A portrait-gallery of Yorkshire worthies, contained in the corridors round the central court.

9. A museum of ornamental art, consisting of works from the earliest period to the present century, arranged in the chapel and adjoining rooms.

And 10. An Oriental museum.

The works of the old masters have been selected, and the collection formed by the Chief Commissioner (Mr. J. B. Waring), and by Mr. Redford, the Assistant Commissioner, by whom the pictures of the Italian, Spanish, and French Schools have been arranged. The galleries, containing paintings by British artists, have been formed under the superintendence of Mr. R. C. Saunders. The gallery of pictures by modern foreign artists has been formed under the superintendence of Mr. L. Lefévre. The engravings and etchings have been collected and arranged by the Honorary Superintendent, Mr. W. Smith, F.8.A. The gallery of Yorkshire worthies has been entirely formed by the Hono- rary Superintendent, Mr. Hailstone. The museum of ornamental art has been collected and clas- sified by the Superintendent of the Museum, Mr. W. Chaffers.

The Indian Museum has been entrusted to Dr. J. Forbes Watson, who seems to have a monopoly in this direction. The very interesting collection of lace and embroidery has been formed by Mrs. Hailstone. For the floral decorations, with the statues and trophies, we will praise Mr. H. ©. Brandling, and add a

word for Mr. Metcalfe for a well-designed set

convalescent patients, a more permanent roof of | of penons.

iron and glass was determined oni end an. teen/

executed by Messrs. Handyside from a design | by Mr. Ordish, at a cost, including flooring and other contingencies, of nearly 4,0001., the Ex- hibition Committee making themselves liable for half this amount, and the Infirmary Com- mittee for the other half. We may say, en pas- sant, that opinions differ in Leeds very consider- ably as to the wisdom of making the Infirmary so large and costly as it is. The Infirmary Com- mittee, of course, look hopefully to the result of this Exhibition. It is anticipated that the profit will be 20,0001. If this be the case it is pro- posed, we understand, that the sum of 12,0001. shall first be paid out of the profits in the name of rent for the use of the Infirmary building, to be divided between the Infirmary and the Mechanics’ Institution in the proportions agreed upon, being one-fifth (but not exceeding 2,0001. altogether) to the latter, and the rest to the Infirmary. One-half of the remaining profits are to be paid over to the Infirmary, and the other half applied for the establishment of a permanent gallery of art in Leeds.

Passing by, however, the question of finance, it was in this winter garden, filled with hand- somely-dressed persons, and adorned with flowers, shrubs, statues, and flags, that the Prince, after some very fair musical performances, received addresses, made replies clearly and genially, and ultimately declared, in the name of her Majesty the Queen, the Exhibition open.'

The catalogue bas been compiled by Mr. B. N. James, and includes biographical notices of all

The following, we are told, gives the number |of works in the Exhibition :—

Old Masters (Italian, Spanish, and French) .., 424 bl German, Flemish, Dutch, &c.)... 402 British Deceased Painters in 294 British Living Painters in sa 183 Modern Foreign Artists... 262 British Water Colours ........... 363 Drawings by os Old Masters =

Etchings and Engravings ............:csecseesseessens Museum Focaneasels Sacminiaiinn 2,500 WRIRMRONI OG 6. .ccccesetsccscccccccsccccesccseseee 336 The Dudley Gallery -_ 28 Yorkshire Worthies ....00.....c0csssrs0e0 avterutceens . 2272 Indian Museum .o.ccssesseeecsssreeeerneeneneenencenens . 300 Petal ccrecicecrsrer 5,904

Commencing in Gallery A the visitor may study the infancy of modern art in the religious works of the Florentine painters, and trace it from this beginning in the early part of the fourteenth century as displayed in “ the Coro- nation of the Virgin,” by Orcagna, to its culmi- nation in the more perfectly developed Roman school of Raffaelle, as seen in his ‘‘ Holy Family,” No. 246, Gallery B. It is interesting to note the general prevalence of religious thought among the early painters, and no better mode of com- paring the styles of the several artists, or esti- mating the progress of art, can be adopted by the general observer, than in noticing the distinct treatments which that subject of so many of the pictures, the Holy Family, has met with. Conventionally treated at first, with purely conventional accessories, such as the gold back-ground, adopted from the more humble department of decorative art, we see these con- ventionalities gradually disappearing before the

F

366

THE BUILDER,

[May 23, 1868,

matured experience of the later masters, and | hoven will be subjects of interest also, from their eventually, as in the marvellous masterpieces of | own imtrinsic excellence, and from the fact that Raffacile, Leonardo, and Luini, becoming ali that | the artist is, in his own country, what we English. consummate power in art and the most reverent | men, with a beautifal mixture of simplicity and |

and cultured imaginations could portray. In these two galleries, containing the Italian, Spanish, and French pictures, which have a

patriotism, call the Belgian Landseer; just as,

when the brilliant advent of Rosa Bonheur set: the British world of art in motion, we showed

definite historical connexion, the student of art | our great love and appreciation of her produc-

will see each great school represented by its greatest of masters—the Italian, with its nu- merous sub-divisions, of the Florentine, Roman, Venetian, Bolognese, Lombardic, and Neapolitan schools, displaying a constellation of genius £0 brilliant that no other country may ever hope to rival it, nor the world to see its like again ; the Spanish school, with its crowning glories of Murillo and Velasquez; and the French echool, whose representatives, such as the Poussins, Claude, Vernet, Watteau, and Greuze, are so distinctly national in type and characteristic in their originality of treatment.

In Gallery C the same historical progress in the works of the German, Flemish, and Datch masters may be noted. The first picture, No. 501, is a most interesting work on ac- count of its subject and the author of it, “ The Installation of Thomas a Becket,” by Jobm Van Eyck, the inventor of the processof oil painting, and the founder of the Flemish school. This

tions by immediately calling her the French Landseer.

In the water-colour collection some of our best men are well represented. Hunt shows us the

poetry of common nature, just precisely that poetry which we do not look for, and which sweetens existence to those who can see it. With Lewis we visit the East, not as, in our youth, the Arabian Nights led us there, but to see a literal transcript of the life of the people, recorded with such art as only John Van Eyck or Albert Durer could have attempted. Let those who have time stand before the Frank encampment of Lewis, not for a passing moment, but for many moments, regarding it firet as a monu- ment of the art of the 19:h century, and after- wards inch by inch to see the perfect attainment of art power. Do not neglect to use whatever magnifying help you have at hand, for there is not the surface of a pebble, the feather of a bird, or an inch of the canvas tent that is not a reali-

and the two important pictures by Albert Durer, | sation. Who is there, also, that cannot appre-

(505 and 506), will show the cradle of the Flemish | and German schools, as the early works in|

ciate, or hesitates to love the works of Birket Foster? Wherever bright-eyed children exist

Gallery A indicated the beginning of the Italien. | and primroses grow, he will find his appreciators, Let the visitor regard well the refinement end | as he has already found his eubjects; and as delicacy of these early works, comparing them | long as English people love their country and with the productions of the schools founded by | delight in its simple beauties of hedgerow and

these artists. Durer, No. 505, is a marvellous production.

“The Crucifixion,” by Albert | bank, and seaceast and bright sky, so long will the lovely epics of this artist be most keenly

Mr. Waring says justly, in his introductory | enjoyed.

notices, that however desirable it might have

The collection of engravings is an interesting

been, it was not possible to form in the present | though not exhaustive one, and Mr. W. Smith

Exhibition a complete series of works illustra- | bas prefaced the list with some “The | on the history of the art. One of the earliest

tive of the art of oil painting in Europe.

notes

earlier productions of the great masters in Italy, | specimens of wood-engraving is the well-known Germany, and Flanders are well known, and are | representation of St. Christopher carrying the preserved in certain localities, which the student |infant Saviour, the only impression being in of art must visit before he cam form an adequate | Lord Spencer’s Collection, which bears the date idea of their value. In the present instance, we | of 1423. The first productions were rude, ill- have collected such pictures as will serve to| drawn, and little more than outline. Towards illustrate the rise of oil painting in Europe, and/the end of that century renowned painters, give the visitor an idea of the characters of the| especially Albert Diirer and Lucas Cranach, various Schools from the fifteenth eentary on-| adopted the process, and by their hands, or wards. For this purpose a certain degree of! nnder their personal direction, were executed chronological arrangement has been kept, but | those works which still excite universal admira- cur principal object bas been to render the col-| tion. Im fact, the former artist may be fairl¢

lections attractive and interesting.” The earliest paintings in oil are executed on wood panel, end the use of prepared canvas did

not become general till the close of the fifteenth | to have

considered the founder of the art as it is now practised.

Scarcely any attempt in line engraving seems made as far as this country is

century, but in every instance, until within a | concerned, till about the middle of the sixteenth comparatively late date, when the making of | century, when certain foreigners, chiefly Fiem-

colours became a separate manufacture, the artist prepared his own colours, or employed an

assistant to doso for him, under hisown guidance. | books.

The purity of the material, and the care taken in the process, led im @ great measure to the

ings, obtained employment in London in engrav- ing portraits, frontispieces, and illustrations to In the following century, William Faithorne, a native of London (1620—1691), having, from his adherence to the cause of

excellent preservation in which eld paintings are | Charics 1., been compelled to live for some time

generally found, unless roughly treated, whilst maby of our modern productions fade away or crack to pieces even during the lifetime of the artist, who, regardless of chemical experience or ignorant of the nature of the material he employs, especially in the unfortunate use of asphaltum, produces very perishable works, to his own vexation and the purchaser’s loss.

Various good examples of the three great masters of English art— Hogarth, Reynolds, and Gainsborough—will be noticed in gallery D. George Muiend, a purely Englich pamter of great natural ability, is also well sllustrat d ; and the diploma pictures from the Ri yal Academy, or pictures presented by artists on their election as Royal Academicians, serve to show the pro- gress of art from the early part of the century almost to the present dey.

There is much to admire, nevertheless, in the French and Belgien pictures here brought to- gether, and from their novelty to the general public, arising from their difference in subject and feeling from our own pictures, as well as from their variety in technical treatment, we shall expect the Foreign Gallery to bec me a general favourite with the public. The delicate work and exquisite finish of Edouard Frare, the refined drawing and elegance of composition of Ary Scheffer, if not representing the power of the French school in historical art, di lays most

in Paris, and having probably worked with some of the great engravers before mentioned, at- tained remarkable excellence. His plates are executed with consummate skilJ, and have a brilliant and powerful effect. Several years later, Hogarth (1698—1764) agaim introduced the practice of the painter engraving his own works; end the English school reached its high- est position when Strange, Wvollett, and Sharp produced their well-known works, which, es- pecially in the Jandscapes engraved by the vec: nd, are still enrivalied.

In the present collection etchings have been placed first, on account of their being the near- est approach to original drawings. The increase in the pecuniary value of works of art of this. description during the last few years is enormous. An impression of Rembrandt's Christ Healing the Sick in the Temple, called the Hundred Guilder Piece, on account of its being traditionally stated that he once sold an impression for that sum (little more than eight pownds), correspond- ing in every respect with No. 13 in this collec- tion, was sold by auction in London, in 1867, for 1,1801, In 1788, one exactly similar sold at the Hague for 84 guilders (seven pownds), and there is good reason for believing it to be the one new m this Exhibition.

The Museum of Ornamental Art contains a series of works remarkable for their artistic

attractively its sentiment; and Rosa Bonheur, | merit, from the time of the ancient Egyptians im her water-colour drawings of Highland cattle,| or some thousands of years before the com-

to us in

such ag we ad mencement of our era, down to the present cen-

appeals ready to hear. The animal pictures of Verboeck- tury. An extraordinary amount of ingenions

,and clever adaptation of natural modes to the

purposes of industrial art, and a wonderful power and delicacy of manipulation, are to be remarked in the earliest, equally with the latest, productionsof man’s hands; and it is a noticeable fact that, for purity and simplicity of style, for a high and keen appreciation of natural beauty, the ancient Greeks have still the advantage over us of the present day. It is hoped that the ar. tisan, especially, will carefully note the more remarkable examples of that class im which he may be personally interested; and away with him, not only many valuable ideas, but an increased sense of the estimation in which the best specimens of artistic industry are held by all educated persons, as affording a high idea of the genius of the people who were able to produce them.

We may have an opportunity to go more into detail hereafter, and to say something on the remarkable improvement that is going on in Leeds, one of the most rapidly-growing towns in the country. It has increased from 38,017 houses and 172,258 inhabitants in 1851, to 46,168 houses and 207,138 inhabitants in 1861; while now it is estimated that there are about 55,000 houses and upwards of 240,000 people in the borough. While this has been going on, changes equally noticeable have been place im the appearance of the streets and build. ings. With very few exceptions, previously to the erection of the Town Hall, there was scarcely a public building that could lay any claim to ar- chitectural beauty. Of the buildings that have been reared any length of-time, only two or three bad any pretensions to architectural merits, while even their merits were of a very shadowy description. As the inhabitants, how- ever, gradually realised the beauty and sym- metry of their hall, they erected new and handeome buildings which now adorn what was at one time one of the most prosaic and ill-built towns in the country. Not only have the volun- tary subscriptions of the public being generously given during the past ten years to provide buildings better adapted to the growing wanta of the ‘hospitals, more in accordance with the teaching of science, and calculated, while alle- viating suffering and distress, to contribute to the adornment of the town, but they have been a8 freely extended to agencies whose chief object is the cultivation of man’s mental powers. The destroyer of all external beanty im the town is smoke; but as we do not desire to end these remarks with a gromble, we will take some other oceasion to issue our counter-blast.

CEDAR AND ITS RELATIONS.

THERE are certain material objects in this world which possess, im our opinion, more inherent interest—more poetry and even philo- sophy—than can ly be extracted from the study of numerous families of the human race. A good deal, of courve, lies in the association. That metallic substance which we call gold is, for instance, of far greater human interest— particularly regarding the subjects with which it may be correlated—-than the anthro of the Zulu Oaffres or the dusky natives of the Gold Coast. And we are quite sure that most people would prefer a practical acquaintance with the history of the mineral to that of the men. It is upon this principle that we have chosen this week to give our readers a disqui- tition upon 8 well-known tree, rather than excite any discussion, which at one time we felt tempted to do, concerning the aboriginal savages whose skulls are said to be imbedded in the glacial drift.

And the tree which we have chosen for our

recalls the most vivid impressions of the grandeur and glory of the chosen people of the

i

Certainly, the cedar is of all trees the most renowned of Scriptural history. It bears the same relation to Syria and Palestine that the ork does to the British empire, Who has not heard of the cedars of Lebanon ? Who does not kuow of the exquisitely beautiful and solemn passages of Hebrew to which they supply

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May 23, 1868.]

THE BUILDER.

367

thonsand proverbs and a thousand songs; but

he adds, by way of a crowning illustration,

that “he spake of trees from the cedar tree

that is in Lebanon even unto the hyssop that ingeth out of the wall.” *

Similarly, the Prophet Isaiah, in threatening confusion to the kings and nobles of their back- sliding people, does so under the similitude of levelling with the dust the cedar of Lebanon and the oaks of Bashan.¢ “ Behold !” says Eze- kiel, in his denunciatory comparison of Pharaoh

of prodigious size and expanse, which again divide irregularly into branchlets. The cones are erect, oval, and rounded at both ends in a semicircle, about 4 in. long by 3 in. in diameter, requiring two years to come to maturity; and clinging to the parent tree for years before their scales fall off and the seeds are set free. But we need not pursue the technical description. We shall only add here, that on its native moun- tains cedar is often found at the base of the highest peaks, at an altitude sometimes of

to the late Assyrian empire; “the Assyrian was 8,000 ft. above the level of the sea.

a cedar in Lebanon,” &c.~ In short,we maysum| It is, indeed, on the loftier ranges of Lebanon, up the symbolism of the cedar in the poetry of| we are told by a recent traveller,* that the the Old Testament by sayiog that it was used trne Scriptural cedar flourishes; and he has in its strength as an emblem of wisdom, power, | repeatedly followed the wildest of the routes, dominion, and ity; in its fall as a fitting | with or without a path, clinging to the shelving illustration of portentous calamity and desolation. | declivities with a wilderness of rocks and ravines

It must not, however, be supposed from what | sinking away westward down to the sea. The we have written that cedar is the most import- | plateau where the cedars grow is more than ant tree in Syria in an economical point of view. 6,000 ft. above the level of the Mediterranean ; We mast not overlook the olive (Olea europea). |and above and aronnd are: gathered the very The palm and the olive are almost indispensable | loftiest and greyest peaks of the Lebanon moun- to the comfort and even the existence of the mass |tains. The forest is not large, containing not ofthe community, Bread, oil for cooking, oil for! more than 500 trees, great and small, grouped lamps, paper, soap, are the produce of the olive. | irregularly on the sides of shallow ravines, which

Indeed, the olive is to the modern Arab what | mark the birthplace or fountain of the Kadisha, | ;

the fish-oil is to the Esquimaux,—it is his all in'/or the Holy River. But, although the space all. Hence the general lamentation over a | covered by the trees is not large, yet whenever failure of the olive harvest; and hence the ex- | one gets fairly within the grove, and beneath the pression of the prophet who says, “ Although | giant arms of those old patriarchs of a hundred the labour of the olive shall fail . . . yet I will! generations, there comes a solemn hush upon rejoice in the Lord” (Hab. iii. 17,18). Nor should | the soul like an enchantment. “Climb into one, we pass by without a single allusion to the and you are delighted with a succession of ver- Oriental or Syrian sycamore.§ The Syrian syca- 'dant floors spread around the trunk, and gradn- more, indeed, is the true type of the plain, ally narrowing as you ascend. The beautifal as contrasted with cedar, which is the best | cones seem to stand upon or rise out of this type of the mountain trees of Palestine. It is green flooring. I have gathered hundreds of easily propagated. It strikes out roots with | these cones for friends in Europe and America ; rapidity and to a vast depth. Its ample |and you will see them in private cabinets more girth, its wide-spread arms branching off from frequently than any other memento of the Holy the parent trunk only a few feet from the | Land.” ground, and its enormous roots (it has no ten-| There is much discrepancy in the statements rils) are in every respect suitable to the light, | of different authorities with regard to the number, porous, sandy soil, and the variable, often tem- | variety, and age of the trees, as well as the extent pestuons climate. The natives say the syca-/ of ground which the grove embraces. Dr. Thom- more bears seven crops of figs in the year. But | son, whom we have just quoted, says, about half a it varies in this respect. The wood is soft and| dozen acres; others say, three-quarters of a of little value. This is implied in various pas- square mile. Again, some travellers suppose of Scripture. Thus in Isaiah (ix. 10) it is that most of the trees in the grove may be 200 said, “ The sycamores are cut down, but we will | years old; several between the ages of 400 and change them into cedars :” and in the days of | 800 years; and twelve trees in particular, whose Solomon it is also said, “He made cedara to be age is incalculable; seven standing very near in Jerusalem as the sycamore trees that are in each other; three more a little farther on, the vales for abundance.” It is a tender tree,' nearly in a line with them; and two on the and flourishes immensely in. sandy plains and northern edge, not observed by any recent tra- warm vales; but cannot bear the hard cold’ vellers, excepting Lord Lindsay, who says these mountain. A sharp frost will kill them, which are respectively 63 ft. and 49 ft. in ciroumfer- agrees with the fact that they were killed by the! ence. On this head Dr. Thomson remarks that frost in Egypt. (Ps. Ixxviii. 43-47.) Of these it is not easy to draw any such line of demarka- three trees, however,—the olive, the sycamore, tion. The girth of the largest is more than 4I ft. ; and the cedar,—there can be no question but the the height of the highest-may be more than greatest historical and ecclesiastical interest 100 ft. There is, in point of fact, a complete belongs to the cedar. ‘gradation of small and comparatively young The cedars of Lebanon have been celebrated trees to the very oldest patriarchs of the forest. from the very dawn of history for their beauty “I counted 443, great and small, and this cannot and magnificence, as well as the excellence and be far from the true number.” Even this group, durability of their timber. The dark natural however, is not uniform. Some are struck down evergreen hue has obviously given rise to the by lightning; some are broken by enormous names (L., Cedrus; Gr., Kedros; Heb., Kadar, loads of snow; some are torn to fragments by literally, “to be dark”). Gesenins seems to the terrific tempests that sweep over Lebanon indicate that the Hebrew root signifies also like a tornado; and finally, even the sacrilegious “coiled,” or “ compressed ;” that, in fact, the axe is often lifted up against them. But, on the term is expressive of a mighty and deeply- other hand, young trees are constantly springing rooted tree. Both etymologies, it may be con-| up from the roots of the old ones, and from the ceded, are correct; and its splendid foliage, seed of ripe cones infant cedars in thousands and the rich perfame of its timber, are the may be seen springing from the soil. As the qualities upon which it depends for the universal grove is wholly unprotected, and greatly fre- and long-continued estimation in which it has quented both by men and animals, these are, of been held. It belongs to the natural order | course, quickly destroyed. But this simple fact Conifer, the Pinus cedrus of the older botanists, demonstrates the possibility of increasing the but it is now ranked by modern phytologists in | propagation to any extent, and undoubtedly the the genus Abies (fir); or in the genus Lari« | whole of the upper terraces of Lebanon might be

(larch), by that school, who make Larix a dis- | covered, as of old, with groves of this noble tree; | young

tinct genus from Abies; or, finally, it is held and might again furnish the timber for other by some to be the type of a genus Cedrus—dis-|temples and other “houses of the forest of

their bark which has survived the decay of the rest. Russeger, a well-known German botanist, is inclined to suppose that the age of these Scriptural trees may possibly number 2,000 years,—a term, we may add, that wonld not carry us back even to the era of the last of the Old Testament prophets. As to their dimen- sions, there are at this moment r trees every way, and much taller, on the banks of the Ohio; and the loftiest of the cedars in Lebanon might take shelter under the lowest branches of the Californian pines.

Maundrell, who visited them on Sunday, the 9th of May, 1697, observes in his valuable book, which is too little known by modern com- mentators,—*

- i of any other yy 7 A I made another — this day to see the cedars and Canobine. Having gone for three hours across the plain of Tripoli, I arrived at the foot of Libanus, and from thence continually ascending, not without i I came in four hours and s half to a small called , and in two hours and a half more to the cedars. These noble trees grow among the snow near the highest parts of Lebanon, and are remark- able as well for their age and largeness as for those frequent allusions made to them in the Word of God. There are some of them very old, and of s ae bulk; and others, younger, of a smaller size. Of the former I could only reckon up sixteen ; but the latter are very numerous, I measured one of the largest. and found it 12 yards 6 in. in girth, and yet sound, and 37 yards in the spread of its

i wy 44s At about five or six yards from the ground it was divided into five limbs, each of which was equal to a great tree.”

In addition to this, Mr. Hartwell Horne,t+ tells us, that in the year 1550 the old Scriptural cedars are stated to have been twenty-eight in number ; im 1575, twenty-four; in 1600, twenty- three; in 1738, fifteen; in 1810, twelve; and finally, in the year 1818, when they were visited by Mr. Rae Wilson, they were redaced to seven !

tin ed from Larix by its evergreen leaves and carpels separating from the axis—which has received the appropriate name of Cedrus Iibani. Although in foliage, and to some extent in its physiological charavter, the cedar resem- bles the common larch, it differs extremely in form and habit. Its stem bears almost from the ground, where the trunk frequently splits into quarters, irregularly placed branches, often

* 1 Kings, iv. 33—36,

Ezek. xxxi. 3. . ¢

Lebanon!”

Upon, the whole, then, it may be stated with | grad

to those celebrated trees whieh once flourished in the forest of Lebanon, that only a very few now remain. They are also more re- markable for their girth than their stature, and their age cannot be accurately determined. The rules by which botanists determine the of trees are not applicable to these ancient ; for their stems have ceased to grow in regular concentric rings, and they owe their prolonged existence to the superior vitality of a portion of

Vide “ The Land

* Dr. Thomson, an American writer. Edinburgh: Nelson, 1865.

and the Book,” 8vo.

is traveller described the few which he observed as being about 15 ft. in height, and twisted together ; and moreover, that imstead of spreading out their branches with a natural irregularity, their outline was confined to one aniform pyramidal cone (p. 89).

Before proceeding to describe the applications of cedar, we may say a few words with regard to the soil and climate of Lebanon. In the first place, the name Lebanon itself signifies white, and was applied either on account of the snow which during a great part of the year covers its whole summit (Tacitus, Hist., v. 6), or on account of the white colour of its limestone cliffs amd peaks. It is the “ White Mountain,” the Mont Blanc of Palestine,—an appellation which seems to be given, in one form or another, to the high- est mountains in all the countries of the Old World.t Sucha geological tract of mountainons country has, of course, its corresponding pic- turesque ecenery and variable climate. With regard to the soil, we can only say that, in what- ever soils, altitudes, and climates, whether in a natural or cultivated state, the pine tribe, when in luxuriant growth and perfect health, will be found to be indigenous. The soil must be more or less rich in natural homus,—that is, vege- table mould combined with alluvia and rocky débris, which have throughout a series of ages been pulverising, decomposing, and aceumulat- ing, and so prepared in nature’s laboratory as pine food. When found in their greatest beauty it is generally in mountainous countries; but almost any description of soil will suit them, excepting a soft peat or spongy marsh. Such a soil as they require is abundantly supplied by the decompesition of the mountains of Lebanon ; and so fertile is this sacred ground in pine food that it produces with equal luxuriance the cedar and the Seotch fir.

All modern travellers in the East, from Lamar- tine to Lord Lindsay, concur in lamenting the decay of the cedars of Lebanon. We have already pointed out what a source of national income it might prove were the valleys pretected and the trees suffered to arrive at maturity. But unless a wiser and more i Government control the eountry, such a result could hardly ‘be realised; and, indeed, the whole forest will ually die out under the wasteful negligence of the Turk and the Arab. Let us hope that the Sultan will, among other reforms in his in- teresting dominions, see to the protection of the cedars of Lebanon. ¢ : :

Still, even im the case of their dying out, which we shall never contemplate, the tree will not be lest. It has been propagated by the nut or

* “Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem,” p. 142, Ed. 1707. rf . ” ¢ See « Diet, of the Bible,” edited by Dr. Smith, art.

* Lebanon.”

368

THE BUILDER.

[May 23, 1868.

seed in many of the noblest parks of Europe. Indeed, there are more cedars within fifty miles of London than there are on the mountains of Syria taken together. The celebrated tree at Sion House is now 8 ft. in diameter above the ground. Even in the Highlands of Inverress- shire it succeeds so well that trees planted at Beaufort Castle, the seat of Lord Lovat, in the year 1783, are now 3 ft. or 4 ft. in diameter. We all know how the great Lord Chatham conceived @ passion for cedars, and what an expense he was at to gratify it.* Indeed, it must be ad- mitted that there is something singularly attrac- tive in the very name. When Miss Braddon, in her best novel, chooses for her scene of action a villa named “ The Cedars,” we can all under- stand the motive which influenced the autho- ress. The oaks, the hollies, the beech-woods, the laurel-groves, have had their day; but the cedar blooms fresh as a perennial spring flower. We have thus briefly and imperfectly sketched the outlines of the most interesting portions of the natural history and associations of the cedar. In another article we shall describe some of its leading economical applications.

DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF MEXICO.+ THERE are two or three descriptions of town

houses erected in the Mexican cities: there is)

the town residence or casa grande of the broad-

acred Mexican don, erected of large capacity, |

with ground-floor and floor above; another house of equal area, of one floor only,

shopmen, and others; and stores, or “ tiendas,” are sometimes made in the corner rooms or the

The ground plan is generally square or rectan- gular; the outer part of the area of the plot is | built upon, and the inner part is left open for , the purposes of a yard. The entrance is through |

@ gateway in the middle of the front, though |

there are accesses through the store; and the.

used for a similar purpose; and another of similar space, | that is converted into one or more residences, for a lower class of the population,—clerks,

covered corridor round the inner side of the building, and an approach to the rooms.

The walls are smoothly finished, and coloured in some delicate tint, and the exterior is fre- quently ornamented with grotesque figures, or figures of animals, painted in prominent pla upon them, and also to imitate plinths, string- courses, cornices, &c.

The principal apartments occupy the front of the buildings, and the wings form the chambers, which are lighted by windows opening into the corridor; the windows in front are large, and open down to the ground, and are protected out- side by an iron guard railing, sometimes plain, and at others elaborately ornamented, and the inside is closed in with shutters.

Of course, the shutters being open during the day, the air circulates freely through the apart- ments. The inside rooms are sometimes white- washed, and sometimes coloured with colours of a delicate tint, and a few of them are occasion- ally left plain, while others are highly orna- mented with wreaths or scrolls of flowers, formed in imitation of the beautiful indigenous flowers, or other designs, which has a very pleasing, chaste, and even elegant appearance, and forms a striking contrast to many of our rudely- designed and roughly-executed paper-hangings, with which we delight to cover the walls of our houses, but even these begin to show symptoms of improvement in that respect. The dexterity these colourers or plasterers display in the colouring and finishing off an apartment is something to be wondered at, considering the netural indolence of the Mexican. The stencil plates are cleverly and nicely cut out of card- board, and are well and correctly applied, repre- senting the different colours of flowers, fruits, or animals, with considerable accuracy and artistic effect.

The floors of the houses are usually covered

front rooms of the building. | with red quarry tiles, also the corridor, and the

We will now proceed to describe the latter. |

yards are generally paved with small boulder paving-stones; but in many instances small gardens are formed in the centre of the open space, planted with the beautiful evergreens and flowers that flourish in the country, and adding a redeeming feature of peculiar interest and delight to the otherwise rather poor and meagre

part of the building that is not occupied by the | espect of the place.

proprietor of the store is divided into a series of |

apartments that are rented by others; and the, one room serves for living-room and bedroom, a) cot being fixed in the corner of the room.

These are generally erected of the usual sub- stantial style-—thick rubble walls, covered with | an overhanging roof and red tiles; large windows opening down to the ground, protected by iron guards and shutters; and the inside is white- washed, and but rarely ornamented.

The whole aspect of the building is bare and comfortless; but as the Mexican spends little of his time in his casa, that does not disturb his complacency; he can ride out and do a little brigandage, or attend the store, or while away his spare hours in the fascinations of the billiard- room, or at the card-table, and win his pools of dazzling dollars.

There is a kitchen common to all the oocu- piers of the casa, in which their coffee, tortillias, and frijoles may be cooked; but they do ndt trouble it very frequently, as they breakfast about 10 a.m. and dine late in the evening, and these two meals a day are generally made to suffice for the wants of nature. About middle day cakes and sweetmeats are carried round to the houses, in which the Mexicans freely in- dulge; and this, we suppose, is intended for their luncheon.

The “casa médio” is a building of somewhat more pretension than the one just described; it is likewise built on a square plan, the onter space being covered and the inner area open to the heavens; the yard is usually approached through a gateway in the centre of the building, closed in with a good substantial gate.

The walls are thick and strong, and roofed in with overhanging eaves, the outer eaves being used to cover the sidepath, and the inner one made wider, sapported on pillars, to form a

* He then sold Hayes and took possession of a villa at , where he

this part of bis life with the wealthiest uerors of and Tanjore. At Burton Pynsent he ordered a cedars. Cedars

grest extent of ground to be planted with enough for the purpose were not to be found in Somerset- shire. T were, therefore, collected in London, and sent — pares ye aes of labourers

. we went on night toreblight.— Vide Macaulay's w Orisieal ond Histoniont Bossy” “* The

i

Earl of Chatham.” |

t See pp. 7 and 202, ante,

‘o | together with tastefully designed

The rear part of the block of building is usually occupied as the kitchen, scullery, stables, &c., as previously described in the case of the hacienda.

But the principal buildings of a Mexican city, after the cathedral, churches, and nunneries are described, is undoubtedly the town mansion, or “casa grande,” of the Senor Don of Mexico, and there are many of them of considerable extent and pretentions to architectural display.

The ground-floor of these houses are similar to those above described, but there is another story or floor above it; and the approach to the upper floor is effected by means of staircases from the inner corridor of the buildings.

The fronts of these buildings are supported on arches and pillars, which support a gallery or corridor above, and form a covered way be- neath similar to the rows in Chester; and these pillars and arches are continued to the story above to support the usual overhanging roof, which in thie case is made much wider, and the spaces between the pillars on the ground-floor are left open to the street, but above ornamental balustrades are fixed between the pillars as a protection to the gallery, and for architectural and artistic effect.

There is also some architectural display at their gateways; on each side are ornamental pillars, with suitable bases and capitals, con- nected together with a well-turned arch, and above the archway is erected a pediment giving 6 finish and an effect to the whole, and a strong, well-executed gate closes in the main entrance. The window openings are also highly ornamented with well-designed and sometimes rich iron rail- ings, and the windows have usually the luxury of glass, and are closed in with large and mas- sive shutters.

In the interior of the area or courtyard is rather ar elaborate and imposing display of pil- lared and arched arcades, tier upon tier, connected and ornamental balustrades to protect the gallery and the open- ings to the staircases: this elevation is sur- mounted with an ornamental eaves-board.

The pillars of many of the buildings are deco- rated with well-executed bases and ornamental capitals, and the arches of these arcades on the upper floor are sometimes partially or wholly

filled in with trellis work, in which are trained

and entwined the beautiful creeping plants that flourish in that glowing clime: there is sug. pended in graceful festoons the many coloured convolvulus, the chastely white clematis and jessamine, the bright Virginian creepers, and

laces | others of Nature’s floral gems that revel in wild

luxuriance and magnificence in the recesses of their forests, and are very properly bronght forth, and beantifully and usefully applied to minister to the luxury, the refinement, and hap. piness of man.

The upper floors of these “casa grandes” are used as drawing, dining, and general reception rooms, in the front part; the sides and ends are used as chambers, and the lower apartments are used as domestic offices, servants’ apartments, kitchens, stables, coachhouses; in fact, to ac- commodate the whole of the servants of the establishment,

The open inner area, as in all Mexican honses, is nicely paved over, except the centre part, which is devoted to # pretty and pictu- resque garden, in which are cultivated all the choice and beauteous flowers and plants of the tropics, and even some of those of European origin, the graceful evergreen trees and endless blooming flowers giving it at all times a bright and pleasing appearance, and forming one of the most delightfal and interesting objects con- nected with the domestic architecture of Mexico.

In the centre of the area, that is devoted to the flower-garden is erected a fountain, throw. ing out cool and refreshing jets of sparkling water ; these are conveniently fixed and arranged for watering the plants, to cool the heated atmo- sphere of the enclosed area, and to afford at all times a supply of water to the house, and also to the horses, mules, and other animals kept at the establishment.

The decoration of the exterior of these build- ings is generally of an elaborate and costly character, but of the same style as previously described ; and the interiors of the apartments and galleries are also profusely ornamented according to the taste and character of the occupant, and the means he has at his com- mand, which are now in many cases much reduced from the effects of the uasettled state of the country, and the anarchy and commotion that have so long prevailed there; butstill, there are isolated cases of better fortane.

In the fronts of those large houses where the pillared and arcaded plan is not adopted they are frequently architecturally decorated with elaborately designed and testily ornamented iron balconies, sometimes extending the whole length of the front of the upper floor, at others made separately for each window, and ornamental iron bronze-work railing is used to protect the lower windows that open down to the ground. These designs are evidently the handiwork of intel- lectual minds, well skilled in the manipulation of iron and the fine arte, as established and cultivated in Spain, particularly in Biscay, which had a world-wide reputation.

The interiors of some of the Mexican resi- dences are elegantly fitted up and sumptuously “arnished, the produce of the skilled of the civilized capitals of Europe ; and elaborately varved and decorated furniture, recherché mirrors and lustres, ormolu, gold, and silver ornaments, aod statuary of exquisite design and taste, adorn their saloons and principal apartments. And when this is said it cannot Be thought that all the wealth of Mexico had dissolved away, or been entirely dissipated by their intestinal strife and perpetual war, as it is upon record that when one of the Senor Dons of Mexico resident in the capital visited Paris, he was invited with his ha, caged nage Sa adie Be Emperor’s state

at the Tuileries, the Si was most splendidly and elegantly attired in costly Parisian toilet; and her display of diamonds was most gorgeous and profuse, so much go as to be the observed of all observers, and throwing into the shade and eclipsing even the Emprese’s toilet, and that of her elegantly attired suite, and the other splendidly dressed ladies that usually grace those magnificent assemblies. But we suppose it is in Mexico as in other countries, there are all classes, rich and poor, very rich and very poor, as the poet observes,—

* Some are and must be greater than the rest, More rich,”

And we know in the case alladed to there is great wealth, comprisiog thousands of broad acres of rich and fertile land, and mines of untold wealth, with mavy “ heciendas,” besides 8 “ casa ” in the cities, and @

one in the city of Mexico, redolent

May 23, 1868. ]

THE BUILDER.

369

with wealth, and adorned with every imaginable luxury. Tt not usual in warm and climates to use carpets, as the bare floors are cooler and more agreeable, although tastily designed and well-executed matting is sometimes used; but in some of the Mexican mansions, Turkey and other rich carpets are profusely spread, and, as if wealth could not supply articles rich and costly enough to adorn their apartments and embellish their casas, they lavish it away in these all but useless articles.

In the “casa médio” small pieces of carpet are used, and sometimes gay hearth-rugs are placed on the floors the windows, led on each side with a row of rocking or easy chairs, as previously mentioned, where the family and friends assemble in the evening, as round our own firesides, chat over the current subjects of the day; and, as they smoke their much-loved cigarros and ci , they swallow the smoke and pass it out through their nostrils, and thus mingle the graceful curls of the fumes as they arise in blissful indolence, so dear to the true Mexican.

It is no uncommon thing in the open inner areas of these casas grande to erect theatres and concert-rooms by throwing a temporary roof or awning over the uncovered space ; and very good theatrical lormances and concerts take place there, the performances are sometimes thrown open to the public; but, if the proprie- tor chooses to provide such an entertainment for his friends, the space is well adapted at a trifling expense to provide the necessary accommoda- tion, and these entertainments are usually given on a Sunday. It strikes an Englishman as re- markable that, after making their marketings in the morning, afterwards attending their reli- — observances, they wind up the events of the

y by attending theatres, concerts, and even billiard-rooms, in the evening.

Truly they must be a happy and self-com- placent people, that can make their religious duties fit on and chime in so easily with their ordinary worldly affairs, as to traffic in the morning, attend with lowly brow and bended knee their noon-day prayers and evening vespers, and indulge in full-dress costume theatrical and musical performances, and even gambling, in the evening: this is their custom, but it is one more honoured in the breach than in the ob- servance,

The stores or “ tiendas” of the city are nu- merous, and they vie with each other in making ® good display of their wares and merchandise ; but it is a kind of mongrel trade they carry on : for instance, at a drapery establishment you can purchase ironmongery, cutlery, tools, stationery, shoes, &c.; ata establishment, a similar mediey; at a druggist’s, all kinds of drugs and oils; and one “ Simon Pure” having purchased & quantity of petroleum from the United States, advertised the sale of it as “ gas!” brilliant gas! and the ighted Mexicans absolutely bought it as the veritable gas, and were much annoyed to find they were deceived.

The butchers’ shops are situated in several parts of the city, and are not, in hot climates, very desirable as neighbours; the cattle they kill the previous evening, and cut them up in the night, ready for the early morning’s market.

The cattle are caught on the prairie by means of the lasso, and are brought to the place where they are to be slaughtered, and which is set epart for the ; and this place may be easily pe manne the villanous-looking and stinking vultures congregating together in the locality, watching for the opportunity to carry away the offal and filth left by the butchers, = which they do most fy sein and thereby

ischarge a very t im t sani ijatwimwe«

In the manipulation of gold andsilver ornaments, particularly the latter, required for the saddles and bridles, the Mexicans considerably excel, and the work they turn out is very neatly and skilfully executed, and would bear comparison with that of more highly civilized nations; but the metal they use is not always of the purest character, as employ a considerable amount of alloy, which not much affect its appear- ance, but materially lessens its intrinsic value.

brilliantly lighted up with “ Mexican gas.” At those times you may see the dark-eyed and be- witching signoritas tripping gracefully along, gaily attired in handsome lace or other shawls of thin material, fastened usually to a gold comb at the back of the head, and falling in graceful folds over the figure; and with the handsome and indispensable fan, with which they make a peculiar noise to attract attention, and they

flirt it about in the public promenades, the/| by

stores, and places of amusement. In the

the eminence we flatter ourselves we have attained in the constructive arts and sciences), and which we might most advantageously and worthily follow without derogating from our national status or prestige ; and we trust we have awakened a feeling of interest and anxiety to know something more of the remarkable works of this far distant country, as soon as the spirits of peace and concord shall have paved the way their benign influence on the un-

shedding settled and predatory race that now holds sway

Plaza one of the principal houses was over the extensive terri of one of the richest selected by the French army as an hospi-| and most fertile preset in the habitable tal, the plan and arrangement of the globe. building being very well adapted for it, and the writer was informed it acted very bene- | ficially in the interest of the army, by quickly | restoring the sickly and wounded soldiers to the |

THE SCIENCE OF MAN.

ranks. The arrangement of the block of buildings, with windows opened on each side, so as to promote a current of air through them, and ap- proached by the covered corridors on the inner sides with the large open court-yard and the wide gallery in the front on the first floor, served as a place of exercise for the convalescents : the whole building was so well arranged as if it had been absolutely built for such purposes, closely approximating to the pavilion principle, but an improvement upon it, as there is a wider space

between the blocks of buildings than is usually |

adopted on the pavilion plan.

The selection of this building, and other army arrangements, fally convinced the writer that the distinguished men in command of the French army left no arrangement incomplete, no com- missariat service neglected, or sanitary regulation unfilled, though many valuable lives were sacrificed during the Mexican campaign from the harassing duties they had to undergo, the marches and counter-marches often in the dead of night over very bad roads, the deadly hos- tility of the inhabitants, and the constant attacks of the guerillas, and the numerous places they had to capture by assault, which produced but little effect upon them, and proved the pluck, gallant bearing, and enduring materials their soldiers are composed of, such as any nation might be justly proud of, and fully sustain the reputation established by their army when, at the terrific slaughter of Waterloo, the old Imperial Guard when conquered, overpowered, and sur- rounded, cried out, “‘ The Guard dies, but never surrenders.”

We venture this passing complimentary allu- sion to the French army, from whom we received many courtesies, and being in a fortified city we had the opportanity of witnessing the dexterity with which the accomplished sappers of that army constructed their barricades, as one was fixed opposite the writer’s casa, for the inner line of defence, and to protect the approach to the Plaza, as the French were much annoyed by attacks of mounted guerilla.

The barricades were placed across the streets, and were made with earthen (clay) works, faced with “fascines” on both sides, formed of the tough wood of the adjoining forests. The height of the barricade was 5 ft. and 6 ft. wide, the inner slope ¢ to 1, outer 1 to 1. The works

were as closely inspected by the engineer officers |

as by the writer, who took great interest in the whole operation, although he did not much relish the position they had chosen for their line of defence.

The barricades, we suppose, were & necessity in a military point of view; but they interfered with and incommoded the streets, and were @ great nuisance to the inhabitants.

In addition to the many other sanitary advan- tages enjoyed at an early period by the Mextcan people, we must not omit to mention that intra- mural interment had been abandoned for a long period, much earlier than has been adopted by more highly-civilized nations. About a mile from the city a spacious and well-arranged cemetery was laid out, in which are many interesting monuments erected; but, we fear, none to record the last resting-place of the many French soldiers who were taken to that bourne whence no traveller returns, and whose bones

lie rotting in that distant and inhospitable land. | be

In drawing this article to a conclusion, we believe we have remarked on all the salient features of Mexican architecture, its construc- tive details, and its sanitary arrangements and appliances, in which we have endeavoured to show most of its relative points of interest and advantages; and as the original design and layiog out of these cities possess merits which few of our towns can boast (notwith- standing our vaunted standard of superiority and

ert a years ~ science of humanity, under the -sounding designation of anthropology, has been gradually coming to the front. “ Men admire the heights of the mountain, the mighty waves of the sea, the high rush of the waters, the extent of the ocean, and the tracks of the | stars, and neglect admiring themselves,” said St. Augustin, hundreds of years ago; and the | Same may be said of the great mass of mankind | still: nevertheless, there is a section that has | taken up the study of man as the grandest, most beautiful and most wonderful in the world; and by its ability and earnestness, a large circle is gradually widening out, in which its investiga- tions, inductions, collections of facts, are viewed with great interest. There is now an Anthro- pological Society in London, and another in Paris; Frankfort-on-the-Maine has commenced an anthropological journal ; and Cologne, Aix- la-Chapelle, Essen, Elberfeld, and Crefeld, have just heard a course of thirty lectures on the newly recognised science. Leipzig, Dresden, Hamburg, Brunswick, Hanover, Berlin, are likewise under instruction. A French savant, M. E. Godard, dying in Jaffa, bequeathed in his will 5,000 francs to the Parisian Society, the interest of which is to constitute a biennial prize for the best memoir on any subject relating to man. An inter- national was held at La Spezzia in 1865, at Neuchatel in 1866, and in Paris last year. The most prominent members of the London Society are exerting themselves to have anthropology permanently and duly acknow- ledged in the British Association for the Ad- vancement of Social Science, contending that a scientific body without this science is, in the apt words of Dr. James Hunt, like an arch without a keystone; more than one elemental work has recently been published on the subject by its ablest exponents, for the information of those who are not already acquainted with its breadth and bearings; in fine, man, in his natural history relations, his physical, intellectual, and moral aspect, is now on the eve of due study by the million.

Anthropology must not be confounded with ethnology. Fervent followers of the former science, indeed, affirm there is no such thing as the latter; though less exclusive zealots agree thatitisa branch of the superior study. Ethnology used to be defined as the science of races, and as it is held that there are no such things in inature, from a scientific point of view, as |“ races,” the first deem it is time that the word 'was obsolete. The term ethnography is con- | sidered more fitting to represent descriptions of |existing varieties of mankind. This, then, and all its kindred subjects, historical and compara- tive philology, mythology, &c., are looked upon |as branchlets only of one of the great divisions ‘of anthropology. The origin and destiny of man ‘are the Alpha and Omega of this science. 'Whence came we, and whither are we going? ‘The latter query is of the most practical im- ‘portance, but as man’s experience shows that he /cannot get to the top of any ladder without beginning at the foot of it, we are forced to take ‘the first into our gravest consideration. Between ‘these two questions, however, are numbers of facts bearing upon them from very different directions ; great voids that we have yet to fill up, and contradictory evidence that has yet to

reconciled

People only dreaming of country cousins as the kin with whom they may be unacquainted will be surprised at the number of undreamt-of relations the anthropologist will produce for them. Man has zoological, 4 , fanctional, historical, geological, genetic, and progressive relations, all waiting to be recognised ; in other words, man is literally kin to all the world. We are scarcely able, at first, to grasp the comprehensiveness of all this; but by

2 seers

\

370

THE BUILDER.

[May 23, 1868.

examining each claim, one by one, we come to a realization, according to our individual gifts, of the scope and sublimity of the science of man. To “ink in” such a vast subject, even in out- line, would be to step too far, perhaps, out of the art-world; but a glance at some of the most recent ponderings of seientific men in some of the departments may be suggestive.

A novel question has arisen amv logists as to the effect of soil on character. In our own immediate walk we have seen the theory of relationship of man to the soil applied to the solution of the mystery of the limited powers for ill of cholera in some localities in the immediate neighbourhood of districts in which the epidemic was as singularly fatal. We have seen, too, the peculiar nature of Irish soil given

as the secret of its capabilities for horse-breeding. Now, the question is asked whether, for example, the eharacter of the Scotch is an expression of | the soil of Scotland? Mr. Cleghorn advances an opinion that it is. He finds, that wherever the | boulder clay exists im Caithness there are the best men, the best cattle, and the best cereals; | and where it is absent these are all of a miserable | description. Proceeding to a larger field of ob- | servation, be shows that the area of the boulder

clay divides Scotland inte two well-marked

regions, an eastern and a western, the former |

geological strata, the age of which is beyond computation. Dr. Broca, seeretary to the Pari society, writes,— He has lived in epochs when the flura and fauna considerably differed from those at present existing; he was the contem- porary of a number of species now only existing in a fossil state; and whosoever has formed an idea of the slowness of sach changes effected on our globe will easily convince himself that six thousand years constitute but a short moment in the life of humanity.” So, instead of looking upon man as a being degenerated from some former excellence, he regards him as he is bound to regard the proprietor of the rude tools and weapons we find among his relies. The golden age of mythology tones down before actual facts and finds into the Stone age,—the dark and distant period when man made shift to live

without the use of metals. To this succeeded nians, what is now known as the Bronze age, when he long

had succeeded in making an alloy of copper and tin, which he fashioned imto implements; and then he raised himself still higher by the dis- covery and application of iron :— “that hard metal which, in the language of the ancient poets, symbolised human perversity, charac- terises, on the contrary, in the eyes of modern science, the third age of industry, security,

stability, and true civilization. It was thus by an

to the arrival of the Indo-Europeans, so that the existence of these primitive peoples might be- doubted, if their crania had not been discovered in the turf-pits, in the graves of the Stone peried, im the ossiferous caver, and This decisive testimony history.” Hypotheses sre often opposed to other ; and facts often accrue that destroy It i# admitted, for instance,on the one that civilization, with its and abundant alimentation, increases both height and strength of man; while, on other, it is contended that civilization, weakens the body, though it may i ita

Hie trill

Fes

i

Beigians, vengals, who were civilized long before them. Thus the variation of stature must be explained from further serutiny ; as, indeed, must that of complexion, cephalic differences, and aptitudes, all facts for which we are able to account but

being that of the desirable soil. The man of extremely slow process that man gradually rose pological tours are not now uncommon. Word eastern Scotland is taller and bigger-headed than from a savage to a barbarous state, from bar- arrives at the Loadon and Parisian centres, the man of the west. The death-rate is lower in barism to civilization.” The origin of man is a frequently, of jourseys and finds of objects re-

the east than in the west, as is the birth-rate,in much more complicated question. Taking the lating

accerdance with the law that gives to poor com- | munities increase, and causes !uxury te be barren. | Aberdeenshire, our exponent argues, has turned out more senior wranglers than all the west— |

moore individualism exists in the east, most men eliminating for themselves their beliefs; whereas, | in the west the opinions of their teachers are | generally aceepted. The contour of the east and | west coasts is the result of the action of the prevalent wave-producing wind, which thus | determines the soil of the country. He sums) up, as his opinion, that the soil has determined | the food, the food bas made the race, determined | its birth-rate, legitimate as well as illegitimate,— | its marriage-rate and death-rate, its language and religion; therefore that it must be allowed that the character of the Scotch is the expression of | the soil of Scotland.

It has been said, jestingly, “‘ What is mind ? No matter. What is matter? Never mind.” The anthropologist treats of the first question ae oue of the most vital importance. Among the ancients, as is well known, the blood and the heart were successively believed to be the pre- sence chamber of the mind or soul. Then Galen adopted the brain as its seat. Eventually, helped by the suggestions of Albrecht, Bishop of Regens berg, Gall and Spurzheim evolved the scheme of craniology known as ph This last tenet is as likely to be discarded in its turn as its predecessors. Mr. W. C. Dendy, at the last meeting of the London Society, cited two cases in which life existed and the mental faculties were present after very severe mutilation of the brain. One patient, whose skull was cracked by ® fall on a pier of Waterloo Bridge, lived for several days after the bone was trephined, when a basinful of brain was removed; and another lived for months with his mind in good working order after the total destruction of the left parietal bone and hemisphere. He also in- stanced cases of deformed skulls in which mag- nificent minds had worked. Those of Cicero, Bichat, and Curran, for instance, were remarkably different from the lofty fronts of other gifted men ; and that of Sir Walter Scott was singularly desenge ep He infers that the quality of the

in, “ite firmness, comparative weight, and the complexity of its convolutions, and their Beco gyri,” is of more consequence than the form of the ease into which it is packed. Proceeding with his anatomy of the intellect, he thinks the non-correspondence of the two hemispheres likely to be the cause of much of the eccentric mental phenomena that is so ing to the physician, judge, and others. Opposition of the two hemispheres to one may account for indecision of charaeter ;

" the power some writers have possessed to scribble virtue while they were acting vice; as well as for the degree of rationality some insane persons enjoy.

With regard to the antiquity of man the

anthropologist finds traces of his existence and industry, as well as remains of his body, in

author qnoted above as a fitting representative of modern anthropological opinion, we find he considers the investigation of origin beyond science, save by concatenation of idea; “ for

hypothesis, there still remain, and ever will remain, pri ial facts in the presence of which hypothesis remains dumb and powerless.” Citing the Darwinian hypothesis as the boldest on record, he states that it carries us back only to the apparition of the first Monad: not to his origin. The Monogenists incline to the belief that all human races were derived either from a single couple or a certain number of primitive men resembling each other; the Po! ists aver that, human types being only liable to slight modifications, the diversity actually existi among them must have arisen from the multi- plicity of their origin. The modifications to which human types are liable is of itself an important subject, too lengthy to be more than passingly indicated. How far man is altered by centuries of exposure to climate, experience of different modes of life, mechanical mutilation, and deformation, is only to be seen by inspection of an immense amount of evidence. We have, on the part of permanence of type, the Egyptian sculpture showing Negroes, Jews, Greeks, Mon- gols, and Hindoos with the same characteristics these people present at the present day ; and we have the still more astounding evidence of reten- tion of type in the celebrated cranium of New Orleans, identical with that of the present Red- skins, found in a bed beneath a series of cypress forests successively snbmerged by the alluvia of the Mississippi, indicating a period not less re- moved than 15,000 years; and again we have the case of the Gipsies who, under every condi- tion of climate, preserve their type, presenting the same peculiarities in Persia and other Asiatic climes as they do round the snew-bound foot of Cheviot ; as well as that of the Jews. On the other hand, there is the possibility that we ought to count by millions of years; when, per- haps, we rene arrive at universal brotherhood

as scarcely less ce of type than physical characters. Piphe inf ieheodtion it gives us concerning European races is to the effect that a primitive people prosper- ing im @ region to the north of Persia, esta- blished colomies and extended branches to the borders of the Ganges on the one side, and the shores of the Atlantic on the other, much in the same way as we have colonised the New World and Augtralia im these latter days. We quote our Parisian ist :-—* At the time when the Indo-European peoples first set foot in Europe, they did not find that region altogether deserted ; it had been occupied before their arrival by an antochthonous

There are still found, at the two extreme ends of Europe, the Basques and the Fins, whose lan- guages are incontestably derived from these antochthones, but elsewhere there remains, neither in the language nor in the i

to the subject from the uttermost corners of the earth. Thus we hear of a human skull

recently found in California, at a depth of 130 ft., _in the pliocene, that far outreaches the

of the flint-makers of Abbeville and Amiens ; perhaps all the rest—of Scotland, and the east beyond observed facts and beyond more remote | arrow-heads and other primitive weapons bas three universities for the one in the west. facts discovered by way of induction, and still in Pera in such relation to All religious revolutions have arisen in the east, more remote ones whieh are only approached by mastodon as to imply that the ani slain by the hand of man; of rade

gis

the bones of had obi

art, notably a wooden idol, found om the guano islands the deposits of guano, which so completely saturated with their salts as have acquired tho specific gravity of marble, &e. ; and we are led to expect discoveries of value from the present journeys of well-known anthro- pologists on the Mosquito Coast and among the races south of the Zambesi.

When we remind our readers that the Inter.

i

sé

this country, this slight indication of the cham. nels of thought in which some of its members have been recently travelling may be found usefal,

THE HONESTY OF MASONRY.

We have paid tribute, recently, to the majesty and magnificence of masonry ; we have acknow- ledged ite poetry ; we have indieated its occa- sional associatior with magic; we now step & few paces nearer to its honesty.

On the sandy plains of Egypt we find an example that we will take for our first. In the hage plainness, sameness, and paucity of idea, as to everything except quantity and size, exhibited in the form and manner of the Pyramids, we may see masonry recording the fact that only one man, say, in ten thousand, possessed the power of meatal creation when they were built. One mind, they tell us, conceived the idea of @ monument for future ages to admire. Contem- porary minds, at the rate, we have roughly hazarded, of one in ten thousand, had developed the pre-historic idea of setting up & stone as & testimony, into the obelisk; and the author of

- | the design of the Pyramids, elaborating the idea

to place in the centre of the court;” he could only say to his ten thousand, literally, draught- men, “ Bring stones here of this size, a them up upon one another in this fashion.” masonry thus formed telle us this honestly. Turn to Greece. Note the brown eward, the eh let eenanian, ee Oey patches of blue and white on the windi the sweet soft breeze, the calm full blue sky, and them look at the monuments,

: :

any trace, any remembrance, of a people prior

: , |

we

May 23, 1868. |

THE BUILDER.

371

true. But what do they not tell us of the inexorable honesty and the cultivated taste of those who built them? The gangs of men who dragged the stones of the Pyramids to their arid places could not have carved yon capital, now lying on the ground like a white blossom from an acacia-tree,—could not have dreamt of yon crowded frieze,—could not have read yon inscription. These fragments of sculptured masonry tell us more, however, than the degree of intelligence and cultivation of those who fashioned them. Among the overturned columns, is there one that is marble without and an in- ferior stone within? Among the friezes, is there one of plaster when it purports to be stone? Among the inscriptions, is there one that is painted when it purports to be incised? Not one. These builders were honest artists, and dealt honestly with the world. Look at Rome. Look over the wan, fluted, modern housetops, in the mean streets, at the mighty sky-vaulted Colosseum. Recognise the bold determination of nothing less than the firmament for the crown of the dome of the ri Pantheon. Com- pare our puny “pillars” with Trajan’s Column, 120 ft. high, composed of thirty-five blocks of marble, sculptured with 2,500 human figures, besides fortresses, bridges, horses, and other objects. Think of the other amphitheatres, temples, and columns, the triumphal arches, the basilicas, the forums, baths, aqueducts, tombs, and columbaria, and decide whether the masonry of ancient Rome does not grandly, un- surpassingly, and honestly represent the vigour, intrepidity, skill, and wealth of its great people. It gives back that which was given to it,—honesty. If the Romans built as Strawberry-hill was bailt, or as we are building much of London, their masonry could not have borne this testimony. One more example of honest evidence in stones before we come to the ding necessity of honesty in modern workmanship, —our cathedrals, These tell us of artistic akil cultivated in different branches by great num- bers of men. ing the position of one man deciding how thousands of men should aecom- plish his idea, these buildings testify that the principal undertaking them, or superintending them, divided the work into departments and pore. and distributed the latter to men who ad especially devoted themselves to the de- scription of labour allotted them. We cannot believe that the same hand that formed the bold branching tracery of the windows, chiselled the lace-like canopies over some of the exquisite figures, any more than we can credit that the hand that seulptured these transcendent figures was the same that placed the plain ashlar work close by or the paving stones below. It as clear that there were multiplicity and degrees of skill in the masonry work as it is that William the painter was not requested to perform the work of Johannes the smith, nor Gualterns the oe oe ee the task of Thomas the joiner. us masonry gives evidence according to the truth, for or against us, as the case

sae be.

onsider much of our modern masonry. Directly there occurs a gale of wind of extra force down come tumbling many of our chimney- stacks, like home-made aerolites, dealing death and destruction to all and everything sufli- ciently near to be affected by the catastrophe. Away go our slates, as though they were meant to come on and off as often as our hats. Occa- sionally, too, down comes a gable-end ; and still more occasionally, fortunately, we have to record the fallofahouse. Take a walk down a new street and look at the heads of the window-openings.and count how many show traces of settlements. In the older of streets these cracks are filled up, and are therefore not perceptible; but they are there in far too many cases. A cracked house may be 4 very good substitute for a whole house; but why should we not have the latter ? It was not in this frail manner that our Tudor, Jacobean, and Hamoverian brick mansions were erected ; neither was it in this that castles ba bailt in the days of the

‘contend that it is right to build a

pletes the wall in these alternate courses. Is this honest? Is he not aiming at making the world believe his wall is solid and strong, when in reality it is hollow and weak? Is not this a deception made with bricks ?

Here is a stonemason at work building a wall. Like the bricklayer, he is making his wall all glorious without, but hollow within. As he goes on he throws loose rubble into the fissure be- tween his two surfaces, and occasionally he pours a pail of grout into it as well. Where are the bond-stones? Either left out altogether, or put so far apart as to be of very little use. Is this honest ? Ought not the rubble to be well packed together, and the grout poured in till it is on a precise level with the edges of the onter sarfaces? Every contrivance or omission short of this is therefore dishonesty of workmanship.

All the arguments and ordinances applied to design may, with equal pertinence, be made use of with reference to workmanship. Everything | should be what it aims at being thought; that | is, nothing should pretend to be what it is not, | in the way of workmanship as in design. There are few people now, we may , who would | to look | like a small castle, or a stable to look like a large | studio. The same principle applies to the work- manship, which, to be honest, should be what it | seems to be. A mason ought to be able to say at every turn of his hand, “I helped to build | that piece of masonry, and the children of my great grandchildren will find it as sound as I leave it ;” not, “ Well, that’s the easiest and cheapest way it is possible to do it, and I should | think it will last my time, at any rate.” We hear sometimes of master builders complaining that they cannot get walling properly executed ; that the mason will even set an ordinary stone to, stand out as though it was a bonding-stone, | rather than lift the real bond into its place. This shows that the mason’s apprentice must first be taught to take pride in the honesty of his work. Then perhaps, as a man, he will practise it from choice. If not, he must be forced to do so by public taste and opinion.

Honest masonry has had its triumphs in the history of the world, as dishonest masonry has had its tragedies. Consider our Medizwval re- mains; how many of them have been “ pep- pered”’ with cannon-balls, fired, stripped, left open to the weather, cattle, and worse; and yet how few there are but in them some matchless indestructible piece of masonry still stande, as au awakening sample of the whole! If false construction sometimes leads to loss of life, a strong tower has likewise saved life. Masonry has, too, its legends and its literature. A volume would scarcely contain the beautiful things that have been said and written about true masonry,— not of the miserable workmanship we have de- precated, but of the sort true men have reared as the best that it was possible for them to do, according to their gifts. The ancient poets, the Medizeval poets, the modern poeta, have all traced the sweetest pictures about masonry. The * columned town,” with

“ The high slant street, that *d on and on,

And up and up, until it touch’d the sun,” and “the chief relies of almighty Rome” have been painted in cadences, as well as the more variogated graces of Mediseval buildings. “Castles shal! be seen afar, The works of the minds of giants That are on this earth,” sang an old Saxon poet, when he wished to prophesy there was a “ good time coming,” feel- ing, doubtless, somewhat of the power,endurance, beauty, and honesty of masonry ; and there have been but few great poets since his dreamy pro- phetic eyes closed that have not left us exquisite building pieces. Sir Walter Scott, Byron, and Wordsworth must, however, have especial men- tion for their surpassing “bits” of masonry. They seem to have revelled in stonework. But from the hermitage to the cathedral, with its porch full of kings and saints, from the solitary watch-tower to the strength-proud castle, from the cottage near a wood, or otherwise, to the With oriel pwr rela reer paned, And rich oak paneilings withm,” has been beantified by song. In like manner it has been seized and caressed by pic- torial art. What does the most genial and joicing of painters make more of than a piece of lichen-kissed walling ripening like corn in the

that, in due time, it may render back testimony of us that will not put us to shame. ‘When King David thought to himself, “Solomon, my son, is young and tender, and the house that is to be builded for the Lord must be éxeeeding magnificent, of fame and glory throughout all countries, I will therefore now make preparation for it,” the first thing he did was to “ set masons to hew wrought stones.”

HUMIDITY AND DECAY. THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.

On May 12, the paper read was on “The Durability of Materials,” by Mr. Edwin Clark. The author expressed the opinion that a series of papers devoted, not so much to the special application of those philosophical principles which formed the basis of practice, as to the consideration of the principles themselves, would be of great interest; as numerous questions occurred which could be more effectually discussed in their abstract capacity, than in connexion with the practical applications out of which they arose. Well-established fundamental principles had been arrived at on many subjects, which it was advisable should be definivel recorded.

The list of materials used by the engineer was small, It included stone and timber among natural productions, and bricks and cement and the metals among artificial products. It was difficult to state, even approximately, the positive life of either of these articles. The durability of any material depended, not only on its own inherent properties, but principally on the agencies to which it was exposed; as, for instance, the effects due to climate.

On examining all the facts, and seeking some common characteristic, it was found that among allthe causes of decay, humidity heid the first rank. The decaying influence of humidity was evidently dependent on other coincident circumstances. The mere pressure of water, or even of a saturated atmosphere, was not suffi- cient to induce rapid decay, which appeared to be cansed by humidity only under peculiar conditions. One of these conditions was well known by the popular title of dampness. The decay caused by dampness, as in the case of dry-rot, was as effectually prevented by the presence of water as by a constant current of air, whether perfectly dry, or saturated to any degree of humidity. Damp, therefore, was not the mere presence of moisture in the ordinary form in which it was held in solution by the atmosphere. If a hygrometer were placed in a damp situation it would simply indicate perfect saturation ; no evaporation took place, but the cotton covering of the wet bulb was speedily covered by a peculiar mould, well known by its fongus-like odour, ‘and in a short time it was converted into an impalpable powder, or ash. Under similar circumstances, timber, leather, paper, and all like materials, underwent the same rapid decomposition ; vegetable gums and oils, that were insoluble in water, and even dry hard paints and varnish, became soluble and liquid. Massive timbers were rapidly dis- in to the core, entirely losing their weight, though still retaining their form; and they were often totally free from apparent moisture, although at times dotted externally by drops of brilliant water. Damp spots were, moreover, peculiarly hygrometric, indicating atmospheric changes with remarkable precision, and temporary desiccation in no way disturbed this process. The pecaliar odour which always accompanied this condition was one of the best tests of its existence ; and the expression that a room smelt damp was strictly correct. The effects were, within certain limits, intensified by increase of temperature and absence of light, and arrested by poisons destructive to vegetable life, If this phenonemon of decay were more closely examined, the process would be found to resemble, in many respects, a slow com- bustion. The ultimate results of combustion and decay were strikingly similar: the union with oxygen was slowly effected, and the residue was more or less dilated with foreign substances ; but whether the bodies were burnt, or decayed, the remains in the ashes were substantially identical. Decay might thus, toa

great extent, be looked upon as a decomposition, resulting from the slow chemical combination of with the matters decomposed, Now, if

sun? It behoves us, then, to let our work be/ oxygen

worthy of the appreciation that has been s0

slow combustion were the cause of decay, and that particular state called dampness were 50

bountifully awarded to that of our predecessors,

372

THE BUILDER,

| [May 23, 1868,

important an accessory, the inquiry naturally suggested itself, what connexion exi - tween those agencies, or in what way could damp promote the absorption of oxygen ? In the case of organic substances, the presence of vege- tation in the form of fungus, or mould, was an invariable characteristic of decay, and the de- composing effect of all vegetable growth was beyond question. It might be said that the vegetable growth alluded to was the effect rather than the cause of decay. Doubtless the spores of microscopic fungi followed the law of all other seeds in vegetating only under the peculiar conditions of soil, light, and moisture which were adapted to their growth: damp- ness and partial darkness, absolute quietude, and even decay, might be essential to their existence ; and therefore it was only under such conditions that they appeared at all. But, nevertheless, when they did appear, their pre- gence rapidly accelerated the decay, and they furnished a vital medium, capable of accomplish- ing the observed effect—combustion, or slow union with oxygen, of the substances on which

they throve. It was probably by some such chemical vital action, the fact could be ex-| plained, that even the hardest rocks were | rapidly decomposed by the growth of lichens, or | that decay should be arrested by poisons which | could exert no other infinence than the preven- | tion of vegetation. It was equally remarkable, | that in the putrefaction, or rapid chemical de- | composition, of animal and vegetable substances, | the same profasion of the lower forms of animal, | as well as vegetable, organisms characterized | the phenomenon. Whatever might be the cause of decay, mois- ture was an indispensable element. Dry air was incapable of decomposition. Water was a carrier | of oxygen in a potent form; and it was only | from water, and more especially when in the | form of vapour, that the oxygen necessary for decay could be obtained. The durability of tin | and iron roofs'in Geneva and St. Petersburg | was due to the absence of moisture; and the | importance of some shelter for timber, and of | thorough ventilation wherever it was employed in this moist climate, was a necessary corollary.

TESSELATED PAVEMENT, CANTERBURY.

A sHort time since, in carrying out some ex- tensive drainage works in this city, a fine specimen of Roman tesselated work was found in Bargate-street. It lay about 7 ft. below the surface of the present road; and, from the evidence of burnt materials immediately above it, it probably owed its preservation, through fifteen or sixteen centuries, to the fact that the fire which destroyed the dwelling of the Roman citizen, whether accidental, or designedly occa- sioned by the hands of barbarian invaders, had, by the falling in of the roof and walls, caused the preservation of the pavement, and secured it from all subsequent injury.

When first opened to view by the labourers’ spade, the colours were particularly vivid. The internal and more elaborate portion was bor- dered by red tessere, within which was a rec- tangular border about 6 in. wide, having, in red and white, alternate diamond- figures and right-angled designs. Within this was a thin border of black or dark purple layers of tile, about 1 in. wide, forming a second square. To this a smaller circle or border succeeded, the space between the two borders being ornamented with scroll-like designs of small tessermw of red, yellow, white, and black. On a white ground, within this, on an oval field about 16 in. in diameter, was designed a two-handled goblet or vase, This object was evidently taken from some silver or metallic type, as it has no resem- blance to any glass or earthen vessel of Roman workmanship ; indeed, an attempt had evidently been made to show a metallic lustre or reflexion by the artist, in the manner in which he had designed a streak of white tiles on the surface of the goblet.

Its other component parts were red, yellow, and black tesserw. The high arched handles were of black; the stand was also composed of black tesserze. The square containing the central

figure was 2 ft. 8 in. in width.

Stepping off this pavement about a foot lower down, lay a portion of another, of less elaborate design ; the tiles being of white and black only, of a kind of lozenge pattern: it might have formed the entrance to a hall or part of the

bypocaust of the Roman house. Some time

was spent in making further search, which was, however, much impeded by the neigh- bourhood of one of the main sewers of the city. it is intended to restore and preserve this pavement for the Canterbury Museum, being the only relic almost, from the extensive drainage works now nearly completed, which has a chance of being obtained for the city.

Thanks are due to the Mayor of Canterbury for the readiness with which he seconded the exertions made to secure this ancient work, and also to Mr. G. W. Piddink and Mr. John Hall, surveyor of the city, for their personal exertions in rescuing and preserving these interesting re- mains of the Roman occupation of Canterbury.

Joun Brent, F.S.A.

SANITARY MATTERS.

Fever among the Irish in Southwark.—Mr. Edwards, inspector of nuisances to the St. George’s District Board of Works, has appeared before the Police Magistrate for an order to re- move several poor persons attacked with fever, from their lodgings in Brent’s-court, High-street, to the workhouse (pro forma on their way to the Fever Hospital). Applicant stated that a few days before fever broke out in Brent’s-court, which consists of a number of small houses, densely populated with Irish families, there being as many as six or seven persons in each room. About a week before one of them died in

‘the Fever Hospital, and the relatives had the

corpse brought back to No. 19, Brent’s-court, for the “wake” to take place. It was kept there some days, and visited by scores of Irish, the result of which was an alarming spread of fever in the locality. Several were in a very bad state, and unless removed at once the cala- mity would be very serious. The order was granted.

The Epping Drainage Question.—A largely |

attended meeting of ratepayers interested in the new district, formed for sanitary purposes, bas been held at Epping Police Station for the pur- pose of electing a committee, delegating certain powers to such committee, and electing an officer to act under the direction of the commit- tee. After along discussion a committee was appointed.

Witham Drainage and Water Supply. — A numerously attended meeting of ratepayers has been held at Witham, for the purpose of meet- ing Mr. Rawlinson, the Government engineer, who had been sent down by the Home Office to hold a semi-official inquiry on the important

subjects of drainage and water supply. The |

plans of the Local Board had been inspected by Mr. Rawlinson, and reported upon by him tothe Home Secretary. Mr. Rawlinson said the two

plans under consideration would go before the |

General Board of Health, who would, probably, send them to him to report upon, and he should then go into the details, and send his report to the Home Secretary, who would, no doubt, for- ward a copy to Witham.

Malvern Link Sewage.—A report by the com- mittee on this sewage was some time since pre- sented at a public meeting, held in the Link Hotel. It stated that, until the local authority was clearly ascertained, it would be pramature to take any action in the matter, and then the cost would come under consideration. The com- mittee advised that prompt measures should be taken to divert the sew which now flows from the lower sewer into Newland Brook (and which has given rise to Earl Beauchamp’s actions), and that every precaution should be taken to prevent the streams from being polluted throughout the district. The committee re- gretted that Earl Beauchamp had not yet thought fit to accept an invitation of the ratepayers to nominate a gentleman to represent him on this committee. The committee offered the sugges- tions in their report for the consideration of their neighbours, in order that the question might be fully discussed and any plans fully matured before expenses were incurred, and in the hope that some united action might forth- _ 6 taken, Ao awe the neighbourhood

m being involv litigation with Earl Sesnibenn

Gloucester Waterworks: the New Works at Wit- comb.— Minutes presented at a recent meeting of council showed that the waterworks committee had been busy examining and inquiring as to the sixteen tenders received for the construction of

comb. The mayor remarked that they were doing their best to secure a contractor who would perform the work properly, and that he hoped

shortly to be able to give some definite informa.

tion on the point. Mr. Ward complained that people in the street could name the contractors, and knew all about the matter, while the mem. bers of the corporation were kept in ignorance. The Mayor answered that he did not know how the people got the names, for that he had given them to nobody ; and Ald. Nicks observed, “ I’ve tried everywhere to get the list of names with the amounts, and haven't succeeded till I got into this room this morning.” The council then went into committee on the Witcomb matter.

PARIS.

WE mentioned about two years ago that there were, over a doorway in the Rue du Four Saint Germain, No. 63, and at No. 6, Rue aux Faves, two bas-reliefs of stone of the sixteenth century, representing Susanna at the fountain : the houses have been now cleared away for the Rue de Rennes.

Some of the old sign-boards,—or, rather, en- signs,—were very quaint, especially in this quarter; Rue des Cannettes, a bas-relief in stone representing “ cannes” (wild ducks) swim- ming ina pond. Rue du Cherche-Midi, a person drawing a sun-dial, bas-relief. Rue de la Harpe, corner of the Place Saint Michel, King David singing and accompanying himself on the instru- ment after which this street was called. In the Rue du Dragon, No. 24, a furnished hotel took for a sign a remarkable sang | Bernard de Palissy, representing the victory of Samson over the lion. Near there is a dragon sculptured over the entrance to the Passage du Dragon. This passage now leading from the Rue de Rennes to the Rue du Dragon is not doomed to destruction, and seems to date from the seven- teenth century. In it is established a colony of blacksmiths and iron founders, particularly of stoves. In passing through we have often re- marked park-gates and wrought balcony railings of excellent workmanship and design. Iron bed- steads are also man’ there in great numbers.

The new Hétel Dieu is appearing above ground level. Our readers are aware of the depth to which the foundations are carried, so as to insure a firm footing for the masonry, which is of the most massive character and well laid. The Palais de Justice is nearly completed. We have often remarked an excellently well | sculptured arch over the Rue de Nazareth, which | established a communication between the Hotel des Comptes and the Gallery of Archives. The arch and the whole soffit rest upon eight con- soles, four of which are ornamented with heads of satyrs, and the others with female heads, bearing each a crescent on the forehead. Panels and heads of angels fill up the spaces between the consoles. On the keystones of the arch on each side there are masks and laurel branches ; on the spandrels, four small figures, holding palm branches. An attic , with Tonic pilasters, was erected on this in the seven- teenth century. A stone, on which is inscribed in Gothic characters, that one of the buildings of the ancient domain was erected in 1486, may be seen embedded in the wall of the grand staircase of the Palais of the Cour des Comptes, where they now reside. This was probably the date of the arch in question.

A very melancholy event took place a few days ago near Nantes. We all remember the i leasure-boat which M. ~ io} brought to the

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aris Exhibition last year, the many pleasant trips he gave to his between the Pont Royale and the Champ Mars, The sad occurrence happened as lows. M. du Chalard, -in-chief French navy ; M. Marin, lieutenant Lite, ues ‘sihien eapiaali riol, were ing iments steam-yacht when the’ boiler. Roche-Maurice. M. Du Chalard was thrown into the water.

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May 23, 1868.)

THE BUILDER.

373

SCHOOLS OF ART.

The Gloucester and Stroud Schools.—The re- sults of the examinations conducted by the committees of these schools in March last have been communicated to them by the Government Department of Science and Art. cr Harlgagry as are extremely creditable to the At Gloucester, of forty students who sat for exami- nation thirty-one were successful. In freehand drawing, of twenty-eight who sat, twenty-three were successful ; in model drawing, of eight who sat, seven were successful; in geometry, of five who sat, three were successful; but in perspec- tive, of four who sat, only one was successful. At Stroud, of the thirty-five candidates who sat, twenty-two were successful. In freehand draw- ing, of twenty-five who sat, twenty-two were successful. In model drawing, of seventeen who sat, ten were successful ; and in’geometry, of five who sat, four were successful,

The Dorchester School.—The results of the first examination of students belonging to this insti- tution, which took place at the Town-hall in December last, simultaneously with the other schools in connexion with the South Kensington Science and Art Department, have just been received by the hom. secretary, the Rev. B. L. Watson. Ont of the forty candidates who en- tered for competition, nineteen have fulfilled the Government requirements in freehand drawing, and are entitled to receive certificates of merit. Of this number the specimens sent up by six of the pupils have been pronounced “ excellent,” or above par, which entitles the competitors to receive the awards offered in addition to the certificates. In geometrical drawing two have passed, and one in perspective; whilst in draw- ing from the model five have passed, one of whom, in addition, earns an award. Amongst the successful candidates it is satisfactory to find there are four artisans. The progress which has been made in this first year of the school’s existence may be judged from the fact that many who have passed the examination never had a lesson in drawing until they came under | Mr. Dewar Campbell’s able instruction. At, present the pupils are engaged in competing for | local prizes, given for painting in water-colours and crayons, for pencil outline and mechanical drawing with instruments; and the prizes and certificates which have been won in connexion

The Oxford School.—The annual general meet- ing of this school was held in the school at Randolph Galleries. The meeting was not numerously attended. The report of the after some discussion it was adopted. the classes have now as many pupils conveniently accommodated. The hope to repeat the exhibition this as after the long vacation as ible, when

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necessarily incurred in making abode, and this at a time when pupils and the sum paid in fees causes sunk to a very low quarter there were 197 pu attendance oan be kept up (an reason to hope it will be increased), paid, helped by a few subscriptions, wi £00n be sufficient to clear off the debt.

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AUSTRALIAN NEWS.

FROM MELBOURNE, VICTORIA,

Tue memorial stone of an asylum and school for the blind was laid in St. da-road on the 25th of January. Messrs.Crouch & Wilson are the architects, and Mr. Thomas Newton the builder. The amount of the contract is 4,6001.; but, to complete the whole of the i to the original design, the committee would have to enter into another contract to the extent of 1,5001., making the total cost of the buildings 6,1001. The edifice, which is already partl completed, is to be in the Italian style, and, when finished, will match with the Deaf and

Dumb Asylum, Wesley College only being be-

tween the two institutions. The site comprises three acres granted by Government, and three. quarters of an acre adjoining, which theeom- mittee have purchased on account of its giving them a frontage to the St. Kilda-road. It was that the Duke of Edinburgh would have laid the memorial stone, but at the last moment “J was discovered that he had not time to #0. The centre of the building will be of three stories, with a tower in the middle rising to

the height of 80 ft. The wings on each side of

the centre will be two stories high. The front- age occupied will be 96 ft. The design on which it is being built was selected by the commiittes out of thirteen sent in for competition. The building will be capable of holding 100 pupils, besides furnishing quarters for the officers and teachers. In the eentre portion in front will be the offices and committee-room, and behind these a large dining-room, workshops, &c. In each wing on the ground floor there is to be a school- room, 60 ft. long, 22 ft. wide, and 14 ft. high, one of which is intended for boys and the other for girls. The upper stories will be composed of dormitories for the boys and girls, lavatories, &o. The side wings can be extended 50 &&. on either side.

The City Council have adopted plans and specifications for the new cattle markets, and resolved to call for tenders for the execution of the works.

The city has been instructed to stop or remove all drains communicating with closets and cesspools and the public streets.

Messrs. Hughes & Sinnot are now erecting a

new dock opposite the Australian Wharf. When | the works are entirely completed, the dock will | be capable of receiving the largest ship which |

can navigate the river. It will be 230 ft. in 1 When a vessel has been placed in the dock the caissons will be closed, and by a centrifugal

pump the water will be pumped back into the

|river at the rate of between 5,000 and 6,000. | proceeding rapidly in the hands of the con-

gallons per minute. The pump is 20 in. in diameter, and is the largest of the kind ever erected in Australia. It is worked by a high- pressure horizontal engine, with a multitubular boiler.

as masts, but with a height far exceeding the masts of any naval structure. The height of the loftiest ranges from 400 to 500 ft. A fallen tree on the Black Spur measured 480 ft. in len Another in Dandenong showed a height of 295 ft. to the first branch, the height then extending 70 ft. farther in ramifications to the broken top branch, which here still measured 8 ft. across. A still larger tree at Berwick measured 81 ft. in circumference, at a distance of 4 ft. from the ground. The stems, with ex- ception of the base, are beautifully smooth, and of an ashy colour. The wood is excellent for shingles, and splits with facility. Like many other eucalypti, this huge species grows with celerity, far more so than the Californian Wel- lingtouia, and the minute seeds germinate with the utmost facility. Eucalyptus amygdalina is restricted to Victoria, New South Wales, and Tasmania.

44 ft. in width, and 12 ft. 6 in. in depth. |

FROM LAUNCESTON, TASMANIA.

Although Tasmania, the old Van Diemen’s Land, is divided from Australia by a strait of the sea, we may include it here under head of news from Australia.

The new Wesleyan church in Patterson- street, Launceston, of which the Illustrated Australian News gives an engraving, has been opened for worship. The site adjoins the old Centenary chapel. Messrs. Crouch & Wilson, of Melbourne, were the architects. The structure is of on a stone foundation, measuring 52 ft. by 90 ft. within the walls, and is capable of | Seating over 700 persons. There is also a vestry ' amd organ-loft at the rear, and a gallery capable | of helding from 250 to 300 children across the | front. Ample means of egress has been pro- ' vided for the tion by not less tham six | spacious doors. The lobbies and tower are all | paved, and the floor of the church is laid with ‘seasoned Tasmanian hardwood. The height of

the walls at eves is 21 ft.from the floor-line ; the height of the mié-ceiling, 40 ft.; the height to the ridge being about 54 ft. from the ground. , The roof is framed of Tasmanian blackwood. | The covering of roof is of slates with ornamental | bands. The tower at the S. E. angle is 16 ft. |square et base, 56 ft. high to the broach, and 132 ft. to the top of vame. The weatherings to buttresses, tracery, &c.,of windows and other | dressings are either of Hobart Town freestone

or pressed cement.

| The principal windows, front and rear, are | fitted with staimed glass, by Messrs. Ferguson '& Urie, of Melbourne. It was intended to have framed the pulpit and seats of Tasmanian myrtle, a handsome wood taking a very high polish, but in consequence of difficulties Sydney cedar was used. The total cost of the whole works is nearly 7,0001,

FROM ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

The new General Post-office walls are now some 4 ft. ont of the ground, and the works are

tractors, Messrs. Brown & Thompson. On the completion of the greater portion of the founda- tions, the superintendance of the works was transferred to the Public Works Office. A cur- tailment of the original design was at the same time directed, the clerk’s residence and the new telegraph office being left for a future period, and the whole building reduced in height. The Post-office will be one of the handsomest of the public buildings, and the stone-facing used is the finest yet quarried in South Australia. The foundation-stone of the Victoria Tower which forms the south-western corner of the structure was laid by the Duke of Edinburgh.

The new Local and Insolvent Courts, on the south side of Victoria-square are approaching completion, and the cut-stone fronts are now

jally cleared of scaffolding. The style of the building is of Anglo-Italian character, and it has frontages both to Victoria-square and King William-street. The plans were prepared in the Colonial Architect’s office, and the works have been so far carried out by Messrs. Brown & Thompson, of this city. The total cost will be about 13,6001.

The adjoining building—the new police-court and station—has been completed for some months, and is in daily use. The court-room is lofty, commodious, and of good acoustic proper- ties. The adjoining offices for the commissioner and the inspector’s residence, it is said, meet all that is required. The work has been carried out by Messrs. Crocker & Lawson, the contractors. The requisite cells, &c., have also been added, at a cost of between 700!. and 800/.

The only other Government building of any magnitude completed during the past year is the new Government printing-office, erected under the supervision of the Colonial Architect, Mr. R. G. Thomas. It fronts the road leading to North Adelaide and near the Parliament House.

It isa rig awe EE of three floors, constructed of Glen md stone, with dressings partly

of freestone and partly of cement. The style is Romanesque, and the four elevations are of bold character, presenting a good appearance in the prominent position the structure occupies. The interior is simply a warehouse, and can be fitted up in any manner required for the use of the office. The building was carried out by Messrs. Brown & Thompson for 4,8001.

A‘new drill-shed and parade-ground have been constructed opposite the police-barracks at North-terrace. The drill-shed is constructed of galvanised iron, and was used temporarily

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374

THE BUILDER.

[May 23, 1868.

TRNANES

COR RIDOR

DINING RO

EXCHANGE AND CLUB BUILDINGS, MIDDLESBROUGH-ON-TEES.——Plan.

as stables for H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh’s horses during his visit to this province.

The Exhibition building, on the park lands, was much enlarged and raised in height for the purpose of holding the Great Exhibition, opened by the Duke, and forms now about the largest room in the Australian colonies. The works of enlargement were planned and carried out in a month by Messrs. Brown & Thompson, under the | direction of the officers of the Colonial Archi- | tect’s department.

At the Lunatic Asylum the increase of in- mates necessitated some additions, pending the completion of the new asylum. Extra men’s and women’s wards have accordingly been erected.

The east wing to the Adelaide Hospital has jast been completed, being a counterpart to that | on the west, containing four wards, two on the | first and two on the second floor, with a large | hall for convalescent patients, besides the requi- | site surgeons’ rooms and other adjuncts. The contractor was Mr. McMullen.

During the past year there has been com-

menced and completed a building to be used for the purpose of Turkish baths. It is from designs by Mr. James Macgeorge, and is to form part of a general plan, by which it is intended eventually to do away with the old building, at the rear of which it has been erected. The walls are of Glen Osmond stone, blue-pointed, and the quoins and strings are in brick. The entrance door and coupled windows are arched in the Moorish style in ornamental brick, and this being sup- ported by the style of internal decoration re- minds the visitor of the Oriental derivation of the bath. The frigidarium, or cooling room, is 30 ft. long, 28 ft. wide, and 21 ft. high, from which there is an entrance to the lavatorium, also provided with a lobby and doors, to exclude draughts of cold air from the penetralia of the bath. This apartment is of the same loftiness as the frigidarium, 28 ft. long and 12 ft. wide, and next to it is the tepidarium, 25 ft. long and 16 ft. wide, adjoining which is the callidarium, the two latter being heated by means of a boiler. The floors of the hot rooms throughout are com- posed of cement trowelled smooth, and lined into ornamental patterns; the walls are also lined into diamonds, which it is intended to ornament with coloured stencilling, and the Moorish arch is used throughout internal window and door openings. The builder is Mr. William Pink.

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FROM SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES.

Botany Bay was a fitting sphere for the) atrocious Fenian who shot Prinoe Alfred in the back. When insane scoundrels had a penchant | for firing at her Majesty, the passing of the Lash Law put a stop to it like magic. An immediate and liberal extension of this law to Fenians

| would, no doubt, have the same salatary influence ‘es it has already had in that case and on | garotters. Mr. Disraeli, inconsiderately we | think, placed the Fenian Thugs on @ level with | the bad eminence of the Vemgerichters, but the | insensate wretches called Fenians have not even | the merit of murdering only those who oppose or punish them: the innocent, whether men, women, or children, are their victims, as those of the utterly insane so generally are.

The Sydney people, notwithstanding the few O'Farrels amongst them, were most loyal, and | vied with the other Australian colonies in their triumphal arches and other modes of manifesting

their good feeling. At the Prince’s landing- —_ near the Custom House, a triumphal arch w erected under the superintendence of the colonial | architect. It consisted of one grand central | opening of a depth of 30 ft., and 25 ft. wide, with | wing openings 11 ft. wide, capped with three gold- painted domes on pediments, with crown pedi- ments ; the central dome rising 79 ft., and the wing domes 40 ft. each, with flagstaffs. The structure was ornamented in various ways, and the central dome, with 12 openings for illumi- nating the Prince’s name, was surmounted by the Royal Standard.

EXCHANGE AND CLUB BUILDINGS, MIDDLESBROUGH.

THE new Exchange and Clab Buildings at Middlesbrough-on-Tees, of which we give a view and plan, are now fast app — pletion. They are being erected by a company upon their freehold land. Mr J. Adams, of Stockton-on-Tees, is their oni g tect, and Mr. Jones A _ The site is close to the railway station, is surrounded by streets. Designs for this pailding were sent in competition, January, 1865, and those now carried out were selected. The contract for the principal of the works was let to Mr. Bellerby, of York ; the iron-work to Messrs.

Head, Wrighteon, & Co., South Stockton.

The general erie scare of the buildings | comprises in the ground-floor, exchange-hall, about 120 ft. by 60 ft., with a semi-circular end, 20 ft..deep. he hall has offices on each side, and is approached by large entrances from the north and south fronts, and also by west front under tower. On the outside, the above street, shops have been constructed, with a mezzanine story above them, to be used as show- rooms. The club buildings are situated at the east end of the building, and comprise the rooms shown upon the plan. The first, second, and | third stories are devoted to the purposes of the club. The upper stories over the shops all around the exchange-hall are planned out in offices ; the whole of which have been for some time past let at high rentals. It is estimated that the cost of the works will amount to about 30,0001.

The several elevations are being executed in red pressed bricks, stone, and terra cotta, which is being man

dale, of Darlington,

directions, Mr. Sturdey acting as clerk of works.

We shall give a view of the interior of the hall on another occasion.

The offices are almost exclusively taken by firms connected with the iron trade of the

Cleveland district, and, _with one or two excep- tions, all the iron- pig be repre- sented in the building. is proposed to con-

sect the Reutenge wth te eotaal ants by

ph lines. The iron trade of Cleveland y been vastly increased and developed during the last few years. Last year, 1867, the production'of pig-iron was estimated at 1,147,000 tons ; or more, we believe, than any iron-producing district in Great Britain. The

district also contains extensive rolling-mills for rails, plates, shipbuilding and mer- chant iron foundries, establish-

engin ments, shipbuilding ards, bolt and nut works; and is calculated to me, before long, one of the most important industrial centres in the country. Hence the necessity for such a build-

ing as the new is apparent, and it has been on & likel yg yy to the wants of the a long time

come. The weekly eee ny cae thle the

Middlesbrough town baie will be transferred to the Exchange when it is completed.

375

THE BUILDER.

May 23, 1868. ]

EXCHANGE AND CLUB BUILDINGS, MII LLESBROUGH-ON-TEES.——Mnr. C:

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\ALLES J, ADaMS, ARCHITECT.

\

May 23, 1868.]

THE BUILDER.

377

MR. WHITWORTH’S SCHOLARSHIPS.

A paper has been issued containing docu- ments additional to those already published re- specting Mr. Whitworth’s scholarships for pro- moting mechanical science. The first is a minute by the Committee of Council on Education, in which reference is made to a letter and memo- randum from Mr. Whitworth. Their lordships state that they have great pleasure in acceding to the request made by Mr. Whitworth that the Science and Art Department may conduct the necessary examinations and correspondence. Their lordships will also give every assistance in their power to secure the success of the scheme which Mr. Whitworth supports with such pa- triotic munificence. The second and third docu- ments are the letter and the memorandum re- ferred to in the minute, There are two impor- tant paragraphs in the letter. The first sug- gests, for the consideration of the Committee of Council on Education, whether honours in the nature of degrees might not be conferred by some competent authority on successful students each year, thus creating a faculty of industry analogous to the existing faculties of Divinity, Law, and Medicine. Mr. Whitworth is of opinion that such honours would be a great incentive to exertion, and would tend in a considerable de- gree to promote the object he has in view. In the other paragraph referred to, the writer ex- presses a hope that the Government will provide the necessary funds for endowing a sufficient number of professors of mechanics throughout the United Kingdom. In the memorandum accompanying the letter Mr. Whitworth de- scribes the general arrangements of the first competition for the scholarships, which he pro- poses should take place in May, 1869. These arrangements have been so devised that, while requiring @ practical acquaintance with a few simple tools as a sine qué non, they shall render the competition accessible on perfectly equal terms to the student who combines some prac- tice with his theory, and to the artisan who

combines some theoretical knowledge with per- |

fection of workmanship. As the scholarships scheme can only come into full operation by degrees, Mr. Whitworth proposes to create at once, from the fund ultimately available for the scheme, sixty exhibitions or premiums, of the value of 251. each, tenable until April, 1869, and to place them at the absolute disposal of the governing bodies of several educational institu- tions and towns which he names, in order that they may award them to youths under twenty- two years of age, who may be thus aided to qualify themselves, and must undertake to com- pete for the scholarships of 1001. in May, 1869.

Mr. H. Cole, we observe, has written to the local authorities of various towns, inclosing the minute of Council, and announcing the distribu- tion of thirty scholarships at 1001. each, and sixty exhibitions of 251. each, to the respective towns,

NORTHERN ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION,

AN ordinary meeting of the members of the Northern Architectural Association was held on Wednesday, the 13th instant, at the Old Castle, Newcastle, Mr. R. J. Johnson presiding. The chairman, Mr. T. Oliver, and Mr. F. Charlton, were appointed delegates to the Architectural Alliance Meeting, to be held in London on the 28th inst. Messrs. W. H. Hoskins, Darlington, J. B. Tilby, Sunderland, and George Connell, Newcastle, were elected associates. The secre- tary drew attention to the question of concrete houses, as @ subject that was attracting atten- tion, and a discussion ensued on the wsthetic and constructional qualities of concrete.

BRITISH ARCH AOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

At the annual general meeting on Wednes- day, May 13th, Lord Houghton, vice-president, in the chair, the annual report was read, together with the balance-sheet, by which it appeared that on December 81st, 1867, the balance in hand was 3671. 15s. 10d. after paying all liabilities. There were twenty-seven members elected within the year, and twenty had been lost by death and re- tirement. Of the former, Mr. Nathaniel Gould, F.S.A., was mentioned as having been one of the

— members, and whose loss was deplored y

An alteration in the bye-laws was recom- mended by the Council, and was adopted. Its effect is to place all past presidents ex officio in the list of vice-presidents.

The following were elected officers for the en- suing year :—

President: The Earl Bathurst. Vice-presiden Earl of Effiingham ; Sir J. Gardner Wilkinsos, PRS, FEA Y Georg clacdein, aS Fish; Joseph

-R.S., F.8.A. ; win, F.R.S., F.8.A. Mayer, F.S.A.; J. Re Planché, Somerset Herald ; Raw.

a Scarth, M.A.; Rev, W. 8. Simpson, M.A., F.8.A.; Thomas Wright, M.A., F.8.A. — Treasurer: Gordon M, Hills. Secretaries : EB, Levien, M.A., F.8.A.; E. Roberts, F.8.A. Seer for Foreign Corre- dence : Thomas Wright, M.A., F.8.A. Palwographer: rence Hopper. Curator and Librarian: George R. Wright, F.8.A. Draughtsman : G. F, Teniswood. Council: G. G, Adems; G. Ade; W.E. Allen; T. Blashill; H. H. Barnell, F.8.A.; Josiah Cato; J. Copland, M.D., F.R.S.; | A. Goldsmid, F.8.A.; J. W. Grover; J. O, Halli | F.R.8., F.8.A.; H. F. ing, F.8.A. jJand; W. C. , RA; . 8. M. Mayhew, | F.8.A,; R. N. Phillips, F.S.A.; J. W. Previté | Brent, F.S.A, Auditors : O, H. Luxmore, F.S.A. ;

Ceci Patrick.

The Congress is fixed for the first week in August, at Cirencester. Thanks having been given to the officers of the past year, and to the chairman for his conduct in the chair, the | meeting adjourned.

ts: The D.C.L.,

MANCHESTER ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION.

Tue concluding meeting of the session was | held on Tuesday evening, May 5th, when the | following gentlemen were elected office-bearers | for the ensuing year :—

| President, Mr. Isaac Blackwell; Vice-Presi- | dent, Charles Clay, M.D. ; Hon. Secretary, Alfred 'Darbyshire; Council, Messrs. Booth, Redford, | Battye, and Ward.

| The following gentlemen were elected dele- | gates to the forthcoming Alliance meeting :—

| Mr, Booth, Mr. Darbyshire, and Mr. Alley,

| jun.

A paper, entitled “ A Walk through the City | of Glasgow,” was read by Mr. P. B. Alley, jun., | illustrated by numerous sketches. A conversa-

tion ensued.

ELY CATHEDRAL.

At a recent meeting of the Cambridge Archi- tectural Society, a communication was read from the Dean of Ely on the “ repairs now in progress to the buttresses on the south side of the choir at the cathedral.”

About two years ago, his lordship said, cracks were observed in the groining of the choir, and careful examination was made by Mr. Scott and his assistant, Mr. Burlison, as to the cause of the same. The result showed conclusively that the defect was at the foundation, and that some slight settlement of the buttresses had mani- fested itself in the manner described. It has accordingly been resolved by the Dean and Chapter to make the whole system of buttress support from foundation to roof sound if possi- ble. This involves necessarily two works, first, the underpinning of the buttresses at the foun- dation; secondly, the restoration of the flying buttresses above, some of which are crippled. We began by an elaborate shoring of the but- tress which is most in fault. On examining the foundation we found the wall very defective. The buttress rested indeed upon the solid rock, which was right; but the masonry, if masonry it can be called, between the rock and the ground level, was of the most unsatisfactory kind, consisting of little more than rubble with not very good cement mixed up with it. We have cleared away all the old weak foundation, and have replaced it with large slabs of York- shire stone, which take a wider footing upon the rock, and are also incapable of crushing or giving. The first of these operations is nearly accomplished; I mean that one buttress is nearly underpinned. Our next step will be to rebuild the flying buttresses which, as I have

stated, are crippled. I think we shall probably | perso

introduce some iron ties, and make some other minor improvements. The buttresses of the Early English portion of the choir have evidently been troublesome for centuries. The architect has not made them quite so wide as was desira- ble, and as I now find he was not sufficiently careful about the strength of his foundations. Alan de Walsingham managed his work better,

and there is no appearance of weakness in his work. The reason why the cracks manifested themselves at the time at which they did so appears to me to be found in the fact of an ex- ceptionally dry summer, which had probably had an injurious effect upon the imperfect foun- dations of the buttresses.

THE ARCHITECTURAL RELICS OF INDIA.

Ir has been resolved by the Government of India to require the insertion, in every annual Administration Report, of a separate chapter on the Archeology of India, under which head- ing the local Governments and Administration are requested to notice the condition of works of art. Petty repairs and measures for the pre- servation of structures are also to be dealt with

ii| by the local Governments; operations on any

large scale to be referred for consideration to |the Department of Public Works. Casts and photographs of the most important works of | ancient architecture in India are to be taken. | Men are to be instructed in the art, or modellers engaged. They will take complete sets of models | of large buildings. A party of ten or twelve, |for example, may be employed upon such a | building as the Sanchi Tope, to make casts of ‘all that it may be deemed desirable to reproduce. ' Each party will be placed under the immediate | superintendence of some intelligent subordinate 'of the Public Works Department, to be resident on the spot, and seeing to the carrying ont of the orders of the superintending officer. The moulds or casts will be transmitted to the head- quarters of the general superintendent, and from these the requisite number of casts will be prepared and sent to Europe. The subordinate ' will also take accurate plans and measurements of buildings, and photographers will take views indicated by the superintending officers. Writ- ‘ten descriptions will be obtained from competent persons for publication in England, with illes- trations from the plans and photographs of de- tails taken from the casts. One or two of such ‘memoirs for each party during the year, it is thought, will suffice for the present. Four | working parties will be appointed, one in Ma- dres, one in Bombay, one for Lower Bengal and Behar, and another for the North-Western and Central Provinces, at a cost for all of Rs. 52,000 per annum. | It is suggested, according to the Bombay | Builder, that the local Governments might allow 'the experiment to be carried on at first under |the charge of the principals of the schools of art and design at the Presidencies. The name of | Lieut. Cole, R.E., is suggested for the North- | Western Provinces.

Gypsum or plaster of Paris is said to exist in | various parts of India; so that it might not |require, as heretofore, to be imported from Europe.

POLLUTION OF RIVERS COMMISSION.

Tur new Commisioners have met at Liverpool in the Council-chamber of the Town-hall, for the

rpose of making arrangements for the pre- laiienty inspection of the basin of the Mersey, | which was broken off by the resignation of Mr. Rawlinson. The new commissioners are Sir William Denison, K.C.B., R.E.; Dr. Edward Frankland, F.R.S.; and Mr. John Chalmers Morton; Mr. 8. J. Smith being their secretary. The mayor, several members of the council, the medical officer of health, and other officials were present.

Sir W. Denison stated briefly the course the commissioners intended to take. They would prefer, he said, to receive information in writing. They were too apt, if they began to examine a person, to cross-examine him with regard to their own opinions, and to try to draw from him admissions which would serve to support fore- gone conclusions in the minds of the commis- sioners. Therefore their object was to get as much written information as they could from ns who were qualified to give it; and then, when they had carefully collated it, they would come down again into the district and examine evidence with reference to those particular matters, and so they proposed to get as clear and definite opinions as possible, not only with reference to the causes of the impurities, but the best mode of getting rid of them and doing as little injury as possible to the industry of the

378

THE BUILDER.

[May 23, 1868,

district, having regard to the character of the evils which arose from the pollution of the water. The new commissioners next inspected the Liverpool sewerage system; and next day, accom- panied by the principal officials of the corporation, i the eight sewer outlets into the Mersey. They also inspected the manure wharfs, and some of the most crowded and poorest districts of the town, paying special attention to the water-closet revolution in progress. The commissioners will resume their investigation on an early day. They made, meanwhile, a similar inspection of the sewerage system at Birkenhead. They will next visit Manchester, and then War- rington, and other places.

‘

MONUMENTAL. A FULL-LENGTH statue of the late Sir Peter

Fairbairn, mayor of Leeds in 1857-8, and the | father of the present mayor, has been displayed | in that town. The statue, which was obtained | by a voluntary subscription, is the work of Mr. |

Noble, the sculptor. It has been erected ona) suitable site in Oaledonian-road, not very far | from the Town-hall, in a westerly direction. The | statue, which is in bronze, mounted on a polished | granite pedestal, has cost 1,0001.

A wish having been expressed by several influential persons connected with the Ward of | Bishopsgate that some permanent memorial should be raised in that locality to record the general respect and esteem for the late Alderman William Taylor Copeland, it has been suggested that the west window of St. Helen’s Church, lately restored—to which the late alderman had | recently contributed—should be filled with an | appropriate subject in stained glass, to accord | with the east window. A committee is being | formed in order to take such steps as may be deemed advisable to carry the proposition into effect.

About a year ago the executive committee of the New York Shakspeare Monument Fund selected a design out of several models which had been submitted to them. It was then, however, in an unfinished condition, but is now completed. The statue of Shakspeare is expected to be finished and erected in Central Park (upon the foundation where its corner-stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies four years since), on the 23rd day of April, 1869, which will be the 305th anniversary of Shakspeare’s birth.

VOTES IN SUPPLY FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

Upon the vote of 25,0001. being taken for new wings to Burlington House, Mr. Monk asked if the blank wall in front was to be removed; but no direct reply appears to have been given to this question. Mr. C. Bentinck suggested that the ar- chitects should be requested to improve the plans for the new buildings, and that the gateway might be preserved and set up elsewhere. Mr. Cowper thought Burlington Honse should be superseded by a new building altogether, and Mr. Layard and others seemed to be much of the same opinion. Lord J. Manners said in re- ply that nothing was asked for alterations of Burlington House proper, and that the Royal Academy had already executed their part of the contract. The vote was agreed to.

On the vote of 22,0001. being taken towards the expense of erecting the building for the University of London, Mr. Layard asked if Vigo- street would be opened for carriage traffic, and Lord J. Manners replied that all street improve- ments had been handed over to the local authori- ties. Mr. Cowper said Vigo-street was so narrow that its opening was of small importance; and Lord J. Manners said access to the Royal Academy and the learned societies would be obtained from Piccadilly. The London Uni- versity had made no application for additional means of access.

On the vote of 106,000l. for the purchase of a site for the new Courts of Justice, the Chan- cellor of the Exchequer said, in reply to ques- tions, that the Treasury had had doubts whether the decision of the judges as to the design that should be selected was to be considered a final award, and the matter was referred to the Attorney-General, before whom all parties had power to appear. The Attorney-General had — his opinion within the last day or two,

he (the Chancellor of the Exchequer) had

not seen it. When it reached him it should be communicated to the House. As to whether a new story was to be added to Burlington House, Lord J. Mazners said there had been no altera- tions in the plans exhibited last year, which included the erection of an additional story.

In a brief discussion previously to the House going into committee, Mr. Alderman Lawrence drew attention to the narrow and insufficient approaches to the site; and Mr, M. Chambers commented severely upon the treatment which the competing architects had received from the commission, and urged that the site was ill- chosen and too limited, and that the new build- ing had better be erected on the Thames Em- bankment.

On the vote of 44,0001. for the site of the enlargement of the National Gallery, Lord J. Manners said, in reply to questicns, that the ground for a portion of the site was not yet in the possession of the Government, and until it was it would not be advisable for the Govern- ment to hurry on the selection of an architect, especially after what occurred last year. Two competitions took place at the same time last year and came to an untimely end, and in both cases the Government found themselves in a difficult position. He thought that he would best discharge his duty by giving no positive answer as to the intentions of the Government on the subject.

On the vote of 47,9361. for the new buildings in and about the Houses of Parliament, a desultory and grumbling discussion took place on various subjects connected with the Houses of Parliament, and Mr. B. Osborne said instead of Messrs. Pugin and Barry quarrelling over who was the real architect of the building, the wonder was they did not put the matter aside, or seek to throw upon the ancestor of each other the odium of having constructed a building in which there was not a single useful or comfortable room. The transfer of the statues of kings to Westmin- ster Hall was disapproved of by Sir G. Bowyer as being out of place because they were dreased in the style of the George III. era, and not in the Gothic style; and Mr. Locke retorted that upon that principle the members were out of place till they also were dressed in the style of Richard II.’s reign.

On the vote of 25,0001., purchase of land for the New Palace at Westminster and the embank- ment of the Thames, Sir C. O’Loghlen said he hoped the noble lord would lose no time in securing the land, as it was at present covered with hay and straw yards, to the great danger (from fire) of the Houses of Parliament. Per- haps St. Margaret’s Church, which interfered with the a ce of Westminster Abbey, might be removed there. Lord J. Manners said that a recommendation to that effect had been lodged with the commissioners,

The votes were all agreed to.

LAMPLIGHTING BY CLOCKWORK.

AN ingenious apparatus for turning on and off the gas in street or other gas lamps was de- scribed by Mr. Stephen Tucker in a paper read at the Society of Arts on the 13th of May, “On the various methods of lighting streets by gas, with proposals for the introduction of an im- proved system.” The apparatus, said Mr. Tucker, aims at three objects of improvement— to abolish the genus lamplighter, to simul- taneously light and extinguish the lamps, and to economise

The Letters Patent (No. 2,435) of Mr. Walter Thurgar (who is not professionally connected with gas-engineering, but is a surgeon, at Nor- wich), sealed the 25th of February last, are for “Improvements in Apparatus for Regulati the Supply of Gas to Barners.” The sag | this invention is the American clock. The cen- tral spindle of an eight-day clock revolves once an hour, and has two arms inserted to gear with 48 teeth on an independent plate, which there- fore makes its revolution in 24 hours. Of these 48 teeth half are inserted on the upper and half on the under surface of the plate, and sv have more liberty to bear upon the arms of the spindle. This independent plate has 96 cogs in its circumference, and its ion is thus

retrogression prevented every quarter of an hour by a small spring-stop, to avoid strain on the mainspring. In this 96-cogged plate is inserted a apindle, connected with the outer or dial-plate, which has two arms, one fixed, one movable. This

hourat which the gas should be lighted or put out, according to the time of year. The dial-plate,

hours, and at the proper time the arm presseg one side of the double cam fixed to the tap in the vertical gas-pipe. On each side of the tap, and connecting, as it were, the perforations, is a small groove, through which, when the light ig turned off, sufficient gas escapes to su a small blue flame, which continu: in. pressed turns the tap, and reduces the light to this blue flame ; on the other arm

guard, turns on the gas at full, and in effect lights the lamp. The guard (the sole object of which is to protect and hide the small day. light flame) has perforations for air at the bot- tom, and is connected by a tube with the plate on which the loops of the cam act

One of these patent apparatus has been tried by Lord John Manners’s orders in an outer pas- sage of Somerset House; and another by order

over the porter’s

street-lighting which followed the reading of the paper.

“CURIOSITIES OF ART.”

Sre,—If you write another article on this sub- ject, pray note No. 267 (in the Royal Academy Exhibition), “Mater Puriesima,” and 284, “Mater Dolorosa.” The artist has represented them both of about the same age. Nearly . seven years must have elapsed between

two events. They illustrate twenty-seven years from matority,—make a woman, in Oriental countries, quite old,—indeed, as old as a woman in England would appear at sixty. CC. H.

LECTURES ON SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY,

Siz,—The “ Workmen’s Technical Education Committee,” appointed at a conference held at the rooms of the Society of Arts, under the presidency of the Earl of Lichfield, in March last, have made arrangements for the delivery of a course of popular lectures by eminent scientific men, for the purpose of illustrating the connection between progress in scientific knowledge and the prosperity of the national industry. The lectures will take place twice a-week, at the Mechanics’ Institute in South- ampton Buildings, and will commence with a lecture, on Tuesday evening next, by Professor R. Kerr, on “Technical Education for the Work- man from an Architect’s Point of View.” Dr. W. B. Carpenter, Dr. Lankester, Professor War- rington Smyth, and the other eminent men secured, will give their valuable services gra- tuitously. There will be two courses of four lectures each; the charge for each course being sixpence, and for admission to a single lecture threepence. As we are most anxions that the London artisans should be made fully aware of these i t series of lectures, we shall be greatly obliged by the insertion of this letter.

: ‘ Hopeson Pratt, Chairman. 150, Strand. Tuomas Patenson, Hon. Sec.

A QUESTION IN RESTORATION.

roughly ignored in some instances,

carried to such a ridiculous extent, that I should

like to elicit a decided ion of opinion

upon one point, especially at the present time,

for my own guidance; I hope, also, for 4 i wi

movable or adjusting arm is for regulating the

May 23, 1868.]

THE BUILDER.

379

higher than the other windows, additional jamb- stones having been roughly worked, and the old arch stones looking most uncomfortable in their new four-centred resting-place. As these win- dows are in a tumble-down condition, am I to reproduce the tracery, as well as the jambs and arch, as I find them, copying each stone with its defective arc; or am I, after having reproduced the tracery, to inclose it in jambs and head of Perpendicular character; or am I to put two new windows, such as I have evidence to prove were similar to the rest ?

What my own opinion may be is at the present time immaterial. I know two good authorities who differ, and can hardly hope, therefore, for a unanimous verdict ; but, for the sake of the younger members of the profession, I dare hope that you may deem this question of sufficient importance for discussion in your valuable paper.

M. UNDERWOOD,

PLAGUE-STONES.—DERBY.

Accorpine to “ Hutton” the town of Derby fell under that severe calamity, the plague, in 1665.

“The town was forsaken; the farmers declined the Market-place ; and eo grew u the spot on which the necessaries of life been sold. To prevent a famine, the inhabitants erected, a little way out of the town, what bore the name of the Headless Cross, consisting of about four quadrangular steps, covered in the centre with one large stone ; the whole near 5 ft. high. |

Hither the market people, having their mouths primed with tobacco as a preservative, brought their provisions, stood at a distance from their pro , and at a greater from the townspeople, with whom were to traffic. The buyer was not suffered to touch any of the articles be- | fore purchase ; but, when the agreement was finished, he took the goods, and Sant the money in a vessel filled | with vinegar, set for t purpose. A confidence, raised by necessity, took place between buyer and seller, which | never existed before or since: the first could not examine |

the value of his purchase, nor the seeond that of his money.”

The Headless Cross has been placed in the Arboretum, and is in an excellent state of pre- servation. Jas. J. Roprns.

ROYAL ACADEMY EXHIBITION.

Sra,— Would you allow me, while thanking you for your impartial criticism of my drawing at the Royal Academy, to explain that the uliar form of the roof, of which you speak, arises from ubar fe pe of my client. i venture to ask this because [ attach weight to your criticisms, and desire to set myself right with your | readers; and, doing so, am careiess of venomous | remarks with which, for some cause unknown to me, some cowardly slanderer has continuously for years past endeavoured to injure my reputation in another journal.

Faapgnick WaLLEN.

THE THAMES EMBANKMENT AND THE BOYS.

S1n,— While there is much to admire and commend in the stone (granite) work of the new Thames Embank- ment, there is one point to which I could have wished some attention had been given, viz., the avoidance, as far as could be, of such | projections with flat tops as give facilities for children to climb up to and rest upon or slide down by. I saw, a few daze aga, en guing fests Westeninatar idge to Lam atleast twenty boys and girls cuumbing up by the moulding | on the outside of the dado wall of the steps at Stangate, where the moulding has a flat surface of 4in.; whereas & weathered top or upper surface would obviate this. I

between the master builders and the men at the Town-hall, viz., setting apart a day on which to celebrate in each year the adoption of the princi- ples of arbitration for settlement of all questions arising between the masters and the men. A unanimous and lively interest was evinced in the matter by the meeting. After much deliberation, the following resolution was adopted :—

“That this meeting of the Operative Carpenters’ and Joiners’ Branch of the Buildin je views with extreme

i the existing cordiality between the members

thereof and the leading master builders of Wolver- hampton ; and, in order to strengthen and confirm such compact, by drawing the several elements into closer com- munication, accepts with confidence the idea of the honoured and respected umpire to the trade, Rupert Kettle, esq., of a ‘ builders’ day,’ and that the workmen’s arbi- trators be appointed a committee to carry out the nev arrangements in order to give due effect to the same,”” The course pursued by the master builders in the late conference was very generally applauded. ——A meeting of the operative painters has been held at the Noah’s Ark Inn, to consider the desirability of placing the trade on a better foot- ing than it now occupies in respect to the rest of the building trades. With little or no discus- sion it was resolved,—‘ That we solicit the masters for the sum of Is. advance, and a

reduction of two hours on the Saturday.” It!

was afterwards determined that a circular embodying the resolution should be sent to every employer, based upon a circular issued in May, 1865, when, the chairman remarked, the trade successfully obtained a rise of 2s. a week

by one day’s strike. The wages which the

Wolverhampton painters now receive are 27s. a week. A committee of twelve, composed jointly of society and non-society men, was then formed,

to represent the whole body in the negotiations }

with the masters.

Another Strike of Belgian Workmen.—The stokers of the iron company of Montigny-sur- Sambre, near Charleroi, have struck work in consequence of an intimation of lowering wages.

The workmen were offered five francs per day |

instead of six. They declared they would not work. The next morning a placard posted on the walls of the establishment announced an increase of 5 per cent. on the sum proposed, but work has not been resumed. No disturbances have taken place.

PROVINCIAL NEWS.

Newcastle-wpon-Tyne.—The “ Brumell Wing” of the Ragged and Industrial Schools has been

‘inaugurated by Sir W. Armstrong, K.C.B. The original building, which has been twice ex. |

tended, was erected from the designs of the late Mr. Dobson ; and the present extension has been designed and carried out by Mr. Thomas Oliver,

Red Barnes, was the sole contractor. The new wing consists of a commodious boys’ school- room, with class-room, store-room, and work- rooms on the ground-floor, and a large boys’

paid beyond what seems to have | dormitory and reading-room above. In addition

to these extensions, considerable alterations and additions have been made in the old buildings. The dining-room has been enlarged, and the two school-rooms for boys and girls have been thrown into one, to be used for a girls’ school only. New class-rooms and lavatories for the girls are also

am quite aware the former is the more correct, as wellas provided. Alterations have been made in the

more elegant shape, but it leads to inconveniences. I saw the same trespass at the steps on the Westminster side, but the parties were less in number, §LonponrEnsis.

THE TRADES MOVEMENT.

Bradford.—The operative painters some weeks aac struck work for an advance of wages—from 5id. to 6d. per hour. The masters resisted the application on the ground that it was un- reasonable; and the men, who alleged that an implied acquiescence had been previously made, offered to submit the matter to arbitration, but their employers refused. The different masters have now obtained a supply of hands from London. The men who struck work have, conse- quently, started an industrial society (limited), With, it is said, great promise of success.

Wolverhampton.—A general meeting of the operative carpenters and has Bes held at wr Noah’s _ Inn, the discussion of Several matters importance relating to the trade, not the least of which was the considera- tion of the subject mooted by the umpire to the

administrative department, and a new sick-ward, with nurse’s room adjoining, both of which are cut off from the main premises, and a separate staircase from the outside, have been provided. The new wing corresponds in ita style of build- ing with the existing premises. Every care has been taken to make it dry, warm, cleanly, and well-ventilated. The interior walls of the school- room, class-room, dormitory, and reading-rooms are built in the inside of buff-coloured glazed bricks, to a height of 5 ft. from the floor; and above this height they are faced with Parian cement. The ventilation is self-acting, with ad- ditional resources when required, and is designed on the “through and through” principle, with openings opposite: the windows also being ar- ranged on the same plan. There is a large cubic quantity of air to each n,and abundance of light. The warming is by open fireplaces, which also assist in ventilating the rooms. New latrines are provided for the boys, and they are ventilated on the same principle as the rooms and dormitories. The increased accommodation which has been provided will admit between 50 and 60 inmates, and about 100 day-scholars in addition.

branch, Mr. Rupert Kettle, in the late conference

HER MAJESTY’S THEATRE.

TE foundation stone of her Majesty’s Theatre was discovered on Wednesday last, whilst re- moving the foundations. The stone was raised in the presence of Messrs. Lee & Pain, and in a cavity in the bed of the stone were found a guinea, date 1788; half-guinea, date 1789; a shilling, date 1787; a sixpence, date 1787; a fourpenny-piece, date 1786 ; a threepenny-piece, date 1772 ; a twopenny-piece, date 1786 ;anda silver penny-piece, date 1786.

The position of the stone was in the north wall of the box corridor, on the centre line of the anditorium, under the opening leading from the hall to the pit corridor, at a depth of 2 ft. 3in. below the paving of the hall. The dimensions of the stone are 2 ft. 1 in. long, 1 ft. 1} in. wide, and 1 ft. deep. The inscrip- tions on the stone are as follow :—On the top— “ The first stone of this new theatre was laid on the 3rd of April, 1790, in the 30th year of the reign of King George III., by the Right Honour- able John Hobart, Earl of Buckingham.—Auctor pretiosa facit.” On the front—‘*The King’s Theatre, in the Haymarket, first built in 1703.” At right end—“ But unfortunately destroyed by fire on the 17th June, 1789.” On the back— “ Prevalebit justitia.”

CHURCH-BUILDING NEWS.

at a cost of about 2,0001. Mr. Andrews was the | clerk of the works; and Mr. W. Gibson, of the

Hollington.—The old church of Hollington, Sus- sex, having been found inadequate, a new church, | to be dedicated to St. John, has been erected, and | the edifice has been consecrated by the Bishop |of Chichester. In style it is Early English, | slightly departed from. There is an absence of |ornamentation. The nave is fitted with stained | deal open seats, and these will afford accommo- dation for nearly 500 persons. The church is built with arches in the north wall, so as fo be readily capable of enlargement. The font isa present given by the architect of the church, Mr. E. W. Wyon, of London. Mr. Howell, of | Hastings, has built the edifice. The cost of the work is said to be about 4,0007.

Gloucester.—The restoration of the tower of St. Michael’s Church has been commenced. Mr. Clutterbuck is the contractor, and the present contract includes the renovation of the tower up to the string-course. For this portion of the restoration sufficient money has been promised, but farther subscriptions will be needed to carry out the whole of the restoration as designed.

Church Stretton.— About twelve months since | it was determined to thoroughly restore this old | church, and to add a second transept aisle to | the south, opening to the present south transept, as also to the nave by anarcade. It was at first determined to allow a gallery, erected by the late rector, the Rev. R. N. Pemberton, at the west end of the nave, to remain, but as the work P it became apparent that it would sadly mar the appearance of the roof, which is a specimen of Norman building, the other parts of the church being mostly Gothic. Mr. Pountney Smith is the architect, and Mr. Pugh, of Hunger- ford, is the contractor.

Wheatley.—The church here, which was built and consecrated in 1857, has, at an additional cost of 6001, been crowned by a spire.

Caldecote.—All Saints’ Church has been con- secrated. The plan consists of nave and chancel under one roof (covered with dark red tiles sur- mounted by a ridge of yellow), intercepted by transepts of slightly lower elevation. The sepa- ration of nave and chancel externally is effected by carrying up the wall of partition above the roof and making it support a large bell-cote, capped with stone and finished with a metal cross, pierced for two bells, from Taylor’s foun- dry at Loughborough. The entrances are at the south-west and north-west, the porches being formed within the walls and furnished with double doors. The west end Sang cers Mel — apsidal baptistery of semicircular “ by tae small windows, painted by Heaton & Butler, of London, one from the contributions of the school children, the other given by the Misses Wilson. The interior length of nave, including the baptistery, is 78 ft., and of the chancel, 32 ft. ; width of nave and chancel, 27 ft.; length through the transept, 53 ft.; height from floor to ridge of roof, 33 ft. The east wall is pierced with three round-headed lights, divided internally by stone shafts with carved capitals, surmounted by a circular light, a horizontal

band of red, black, and white commencing from

i {

<a iprsae-spennanesioaee thin. sm pypmsomsdbeage

(¥ es

if Gs #, ’ te be i ts '

380

THE BUILDER.

[May 23, 1868,

the wall-plate and rising in an arch which spans the entire window. The temporary glazing is of

green, yellow, and white. The transepts are lighted in a similar manner, two round-headed ford. Messrs. Wheeler Brothers, of Reading,

‘are the contractors. There was no clerk of

windows beneath a circular one. The west gable is also pierced with a round light. The nave- windows are single round-headed lights filled with.glass of different tints, arranged in alter- nate sections of square and diamond panes. The nave and chancel walls, arches, and window- heads are relieved, both within and without, by lines and alternating courses of red, black, and

ce

‘designs and under whose superintendence the | to the fand. Mr. J. O. Halliwell, of Tregunter.

additions to the church have been carried out | road, London, receives these, and also makes

is Mr. Henry Woodyer, of Graffham, Guild-

the works. The cost of the building is about 6,0001. The windows cost 7001. The organ

purchases of suitable books, &c.

Every Man’s Own Lawyer: a Handy-Book of the Principles of Law and Equity. By a Barrister,

has been restored and rebuilt by Messrs. Walker| Sixth edition. London: Lockwood & Co. & Sons, of London, and the expense will be | fy ig said that the man who is his own la:

defrayed by subscription. The lamps, brass- work, chalice, candelabra, &c., are provided by Mr. Hardman, of Birmingham.

white, the chamfered edges being formed of yellow notched bricks, from Stevenage. The open timber roof of the chancel, though of the game construction as in the nave, is distin- | nISSENTING CHURCH-BUILDING NEWS. guished from it by the addition of colour, the |

portion above the sanctuary being more elabo- | Swindon.—The chief stone of Wesley Chapel rately decorated and further enriched with has been laid at New Swindon, by Sir F. gilding. The chancel walls beneath the win-| Lycett, ex-Sheriff of London and Middlesex. dows are plastered and covered with conven-| Mr. T. 8. Lansdown, Swindon, prepared the tional flower-pairiting in chocolate. The chancel | plans of the building, which is based on the is divided from the nave by a low stone screen, | building known as the Barracks. The style of surmounted by light ironwork. The style of the | architecture is Decorated Gothic. The principal building is described as Pointed with Roman-/entrance is on the south side, through three esque modifications, adopted on account of the | doorways, which open into a vestibule 16 ft. by material employed, which is white brick, with | 13 ft., and on either side of this are two towers,

red and black for ornamental purposes. The | which are 66 ft. in height, and containing the | combination of colour, without being obtrusive, staircases leading to the galleries. The body of |

imparts a general warmth throughout. The | the chapel is 69 ft. 6 in. wide, by 88 ft. long. musonry was executed by Mr. Warren, and the | The whole of the seats will be of deal, light- woodwork by Mr. Bates, both of Stevenage ; the | stained and varnished. On the western side of ironwork by Mr. Shrivell, of London; and all the chapel there are two class-rooma, 19 ft. 6 in. the decoration by Messrs. Heaton & Butler. The | by 19 ft. each; a deacons’ vestry, 19 ft. 3 in. by contract with Mr. Warren was for 1,700l., and 15 ft. 3 in.; also a kitchen, living-room, pantry, the extra work, including the furniture and | &., for the chapel-keeper. The entrance in the gifts, is estimated at 5001. The church is built | High-street will remain unaltered, and will be for 275 adults, but admitted on the day of con- used ag one of the principal entrances to the secration 400 persons. The burial-ground was | chapel, as well as to reach the school, class- lowered and levelled almost entirely by the un- rooms, &c.; this will make eight places of in- paid labour of the men of the hamlet. The | gress and egress, including the two staircases architect was Mr. A. W. Blomfield, of London. | contained in the towers. The walls are lined

Dorking.—St. Martin’s Church has been con- | with Bath stone on the inside. The height from |

secrated, on the completion of the chancel, which | floor to ceiling will be about 29 ft. Over the has been built to replace the old chancel, which, | class-room is a school-room, 88 ft. 6 in. by 23 ft. in the general rebuilding, commenced in 1835, 6 in., and about 18 ft. high. There is also one

and completed in 1837, was left at a level of 7 ft.| end gallery provided, which is reached by the below the height of the present structure. From staircases in the towers. The whole of the’ this cause, and from the obstruction of the central windows to the chapel will be remodelled, to)

tower, it was completely cut off from the nave, | give an ecclesiastical appearance. The present and was thereby rendered useless. The limited accommodation is for 1,062, and the building is space under the tower has hitherto been used |so arranged that side galleries can be added for chancel purposes, for which it was unfit, both when required, which will accommodate about from want of size and of light. This inconve- | 300 additional persons, making a total of 1,352. nient state of things has now been remedied by |The whole building will be well lighted and the building of a spacious chancel, and by open- ventilated. The works are carried out under ing out larger arches on the east, west, and the superintendence of the architect, and Mr. north sides of the tower, and giving greaterspace T. Barrett, of the same place, is the contractor.

for the choir and the greatly enlarged organ, | Blyth.—The foundation-stone of a new chapel |

which stands in the north travsept, having its for the use of the Congregationalista of Blyth front in the new north arch. The style chosen has been laid. The site is in Carlton-street. for the new work was inflaenced by that of the The drawings have been prepared by a member old, and is Late Decorative in character. The! of the body, and are being carried out under the old east window farnished the type for the new superintendence and personal inspection of Mr. windows generally. The walls are faced with James Darling and Mr. John Wood. The total snap flint work, the dressings being of Bath | cost of the building, including lighting, warming, etone. The roof is covered with Westmoreland | and ventilation, but exclusive of ground, will be

slates, and the parapets sre of pierced work. | about 1,6001. The contractors for the work are: 8reat

The carving in the interior is the work of Mr.’ mason and joiner, Mr. James Nairn, of Blyth,

Nichols, of Lambeth. The chancel windows are | with Mr. Wm. White as sub-contractor for joiner filled with stained glags by Mr. Wailes, of New-| work; slaters’ work, Messrs. Dawber & Son; the different compartments, Chriat’s entry into| Newcastle; plumbers’ work, Messrs. Henderson Jerusalem ; ine Agony in the Garden; Bearing | & Thompson, Blyth ; plasterers’ work, Mr. Joseph St. John taking the Virgin home; the Resurrec- | work, Messrs. T. A. Bowman & Son, Morpeth. tion; and the appearance to Mary in the Gar-

contain figures of the twelve Apostles, and there v

are groups from the Acts as follow :—The elec- Hooks Receib ed

the day of Pentecost, Peter baptising, Peter and ee 3

John healing the lame man, Barnabas laying A Catalogue of the Books, Manuscripts, Works of Peter and John delivered from prison, Peter| fe and Works of Shakspeare, and of the His- and John before the council, Peter raising tory of Stratford-upon-Avon, which are pre- nelius, and the death of James. There are| London: printed for the Shakspeare Fand. two other windows having special reference to| 1868.

ter. As a soldier, the representative tableaux establishment of the Shakspeare Fund, three of of St. Martin are—Received as a catechumen ;| the most important of the objects in view have a cavalry regiment; his baptism; divides his | formation of the valuable library and museam. cloak with a beggar; offers to meet the enemy | The permanency of this important collection have where St. Hilary instructs him ; converts | museum have been conveyed to the corporation fifty-five ; burns down pagan temples and sacred logue has been compiled by Mr. Clarence Hopper. trees; celebrating the Mass; and bis death at Presents to the museum and library are of

castle. The chief or east window represents, in| ironfounders’ work, Messrs. Walker & Emley, the Cross; the Betrayal ; scene before Pilate; | Elliott, North Shields; painters and glaziers’ den. The south and north chancel side windows

tion of Matthias, Pentecost, Peter’s sermon on

the price of his land at the Apvstles’ feet, Art, Antiquities, and Relics, illustrative of the Dorcas, Peter's vision, Peter preaching to Cor- served in the Shakspeare Library and Museum. St. Martin, in his military and priestly charac- | Ix the few years which have elapsed since the dreams of our Lord appearing to him; joined | been nearly completed, and t them the armed only with the cross. As a priest, we| has been carefully secured. The library and his mother; elected Bishop of Tours, aged of Stratford-upon-Avon upon trast. py the age of eighty. The architect from whose course still acceptable, as well as subscriptions

has a fool for his client ; but “ Every Man’s Own Lawyer” is not every man his own lawyer. This epitome of law and equity must be very useful to the public generally, and may save many a six. and-eightpence, for the price of one; for the price is, appropriately, 6s. 8d. This edition ig not only revised, but supplemented by the sub. stance of new Acts.

A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of other Sciences. By Henny Warts, B.A. F.R.S., F.C.8., editor of the Journal of the Chemical Society, assisted by eminent contri. butors. Part XLV. Water—Zymargy (com. pletion). London : Longmans, Green, Reader, & Dyer. 1868.

‘Tats valuable and standard work, in five

volumes, is now completed. We have so often

spoken of it while in course of issue that all we need at present do in the way of recommenda. tion is to announce its completion. We may here, however, quote a brief passage from the |concluding number as to a cement of zinc, an | incidental glimpse of which, some time since, in course of chemical experiments for a purpose

/unconnected with cements, led us to think

| it would be preferable to that of magnesium,

recommended by a French chemist, and of which we lately gave some account, partly from ex- perimental inquiry of our own :—

** When zine-oxide is boiled with a strong solution o sine-chloride in certain proportions, a plastic mass is obtained, which, after a while, becomes very hard, and | may be used for taking caste. A gument, peepee by | adding 3 pts. zinc-oxide and 1 pt. glass-powder to 50 pts. of a solution of zine-chloride of specific gravity 16—1°6, with 1 pt. of borax dissolved in the smallest possible quantity of water, is much used in Paris for ~— | teeth, and for making artificial teeth (Feichtinger, Dingl.

ide of zinc, prepared by a similar process, may also be used as a paint for wood, , stone, or metal. It dries quickly, and is quite free

m odour. (Sorel.)”’

Nine years have elapsed since the Dictionary of Chemistry was begun. It has extended consi- derably beyond the limits originally contem- plated; nevertheless, the space has still been found tvo narrow for the treatment, as the editor would have wished, of many important subjects. Some of these, however, are so valuable that they have taken rank as classical treatises in | their respective spheres; and,of course,such trea- | tises greatly enhance the merits and the value of the work. So many changes and advances have been made in chemistry within the last nine years, that the editor has found a supple- ment requisite to bring up many subjects to their most recent stage of development; but this is unavvidable in the publication of any work requiring time for its completion. _ The editor states, on the whole un ing,

_ he has endeavoured to give some notice of every

| compound discovered up to the time of publica-

\tion of of each part of the work; and where

fall description was impossible, reference is

given to original sources of information. The

work is an important and valuable contribution to chemical science and the allied branches of other sciences of which it treats. The part now issued contains the title page, and an index and preface to the fifth volume.

| |

| pol. J. el. 78). An oxychloride

A School Manual of Health, By Epwin Lan- Kester, M.D., F.R.S. London: Groombridge & Sons, Paternoster-row.

Tuis is an excellent little treatise on the ele-

mentary principles of physiology. Its object is

to supply the elder scholars in our national and other schools with an elementary treatise on those facts which must be known in order to secure health. It does not enter into minute details of the structure of the human body, bat treats of such subjects as digestion and its organs, the nature of the food, and the elementary and organic constitution of the human body, the natare of the blood and its circulatory organs, the function of respiration, and so on, up to the cerebral functions, the two states of waking and sleep, and the spiritual nature of man.

We may quote from what Dr. Lankester says on the subject of respiration, to show how clearly and simply, yet scientifically, he inoulcates the

a mm mw oe het ee et et A ROSA SEAM ARS COMA PU SSeS OR OSU TARA Peewee LPeeowseBeecssc

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May 23, 1868. ]

THE BUILDER.

381

great sanitary traths by whose guidance health may be assured :—

“ ion of respiration should be

Ape poe Bag Nee roy first im oe that the

carried on pro sir which MY taken into the lungs should be pure. If there is a deficiency of oxygen in the air breathed by a eae

being, the changes necessary to the production of anim

beat ae not “ee. place, and a aries the blood ensues. Theair breathed by human is constantly liable to a deficiency of oxygen, by its corruption during

arious artificial of combustion. Thus, in a yoo lighted. with gas, the gas will consume so large a quantity of oxygen as to diminish the sa for persons

our present civilisation is the practice of introducing ge into our sitting-rooms, bed-rooms, workshops, and fac- tories, without making sufficient ere for the supply of the oxygen gas consumed by lights. One gee light of an ordi kind consumes during ing as much oxygen as five haman beings, and where no pro- vision is made for a supply of oxygen, the air is most injurious to health. In the same way alarge number of human being my congeegeene ina room, will con- sume eos oxygen and reuder the air unfit for maintaining healthy life.

N eteuly do the combustion of gas and candles, and the respiration of human beings, consume the —— of the air, but they make it impure by giving off ic acid ok, ie Oe ee ae ing lamps, and candles, hae g homan a t is a most destructive gas. If a jar of carbonic acid is collected from the burning of lights or fires, or the breathing of ani- mals, no light ean be burned in it, no animal can live in it. When sent forth from the lungs of animals it is instantly got rid of in the operation, and a natural ventilation is established; but when it is confined in rooms, it is breathed agua and again, and the most disastrous effects follow. W ao, Seen acid is ——" the blood, it prevents those changes taking place which are necessary to health; and a oady of diseases are the result. One of the most common and obvious results of breathing an atmosphere charged with carbonic acid is the production of the diseases known as scrofula and consumption. In those districts of London and other large towns of Great Britain and Ireland, where is the greatest overcrowding,

there scrofulous diseases and consumption are most pre- valent. Not only are these diseases prevalent in such places, but persons exposed to the action of carbonic acid | are much more hable to fevers and other diseases than | those who obtain a due supply of fresh air. Of so much importance is fresh air to the health of man, that the | Government insists that in every family there should be 500 cubic feet of sir for each individual. . . . .

But the most dangerous contamination of the air is that which arises from the diffusion in it of vegetable and animal poisons, When plants and animals are dying or dead they give off small particles of matter which, enter- ing the human lungs, pass into the blood and produce disease. These particles though apparently dead, possess the power of producing in living particles the same de- composing condition in which they themselves are, It is thus that the particles rising into the air from drains and dead bodies, may produce in the living body the most fetal and destructive diseases. Many forms of fever are known to arise from this source alone. Amongst others may be mentioned drain oe which carries off from fifteen to twenty thousand human‘persons every year in Great Britain, oh which is .

trescent matter of drains being taken into the human

angs and carried into the blood. The decaying matter of | plants, such as their leaves and stems,

water, ge a ap an efflavium, known w

the produces the most violeut and terrible

the same | manner. The great remedy for these diseases is a

All putrefying plants and animals should be got rid 0 at

4 i % x . F

first duty of a man who possesses s house to see that all | decomposing animal and vegetable matter is at once sent away, or placed at such @ distance from the house that no human being can be injured by its presence. When deposits of this kind cannot be got rid of, they should be disinfected. There are many commonly sold in shops for this purpose ; mpegs we may mention — of lime, carbolic acid, and the permanganate of

“eee But these proving particles which are given off from all dead and dying animal and vegetable bodies, Save sae Caen EOS , which are giver off from living animal es Ww. contaminate the air, snd Sgainst which too active measures can hardly be tal.cn. The human body is subject to certain diseases which, origi- nating in the blood, produce particles in it which, given off from the body, are of the same dis- scarlet fe pote ge a a bi na

‘ever, , whooping typhus typhoid fevers, and cholera. Ip B cep are attack —_ these diseases, they are capa giving off particles into the air which, when taken up ee the same disease, By proper precautions all these di may be prevented from propagating themselves in other persons. With regard to small-pox, it is found that if persons are vaccinated, are not ivi the disease. Hence the duty of all parents to see that their children are early va in order to prevent their taking this terrible disease. It is certainly a false notion to suppose that vaccine matter by itself can intro-

- : ne be, cacienged Sree SN Se urs. It is a common ice, m to be reprehended to send children to school from i ‘

top of the room or building, so that the warm impure air may escape. In cold veces hs fires ventilate rooms, by a current of warm air ascending the chimney, and the cold, fresh air rashes into the room to supply its place. In warm weather rooms should never be shut up. When there is no other means of ventilation, the top sash of the window should be let down, so as to allow of the esc of ingens air. All houses should be constructed with holes and valves, to let the impure air of the rooms out into the chimneys or into the open air,”

In this useful little manual of health snuf- ficient is said of the structure of the human body to enable every reader to understand the ‘operation of the great laws on which the health and life of human beings depend, and to show that these are God’s laws, and that He will not suffer them to be broken with impunity.

Miscellanea,

SocreTy yor THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF THE Fine Arts.—The third conversazione of the season has been held at the gallery of the Society of British Artiste, Mr. Solly, F.R.S., in the chair. After an introductory address, in which the chairman dwelt on the soothing influences of art upon all, and especially upon those engaged in science, musical performances commenced. The company was numerous, and presented a brilliant appearance; music, painting, sculp- ture,—the marble side by side with the life,—all combined to lend a charm to an entertainment as pleasant to the artist and amateur as encou- raging to the higher branches of art.

Tae Merropouiran District Rarnway AND THE THAMES EMBANKMENT.—At the last meeting of the Metropolitan Board of Works,‘the Works and General Parposes Committee presented a report on the proposals of the Metropolitan District Railway as to the construction of a solid embankment between the Temple and Black- friars Bridge. A provisional agreement had been entered into for the construction of a solid embankment, with a 100 ft. roadway thereon, from the Temple Gardens to Blackfriars Bridge, and the company to construct their railway within the Embankment; the railway company to commence their works for the construction o the railway on the Embankment from West- minster Bridge to the Temple on the Ist of July next, and the other works to be carried on simultaneously with the works of the Board; the railway company to deposit 40,0001. on the lst of July next; the payment of the 200,0001.

| to be paid to the Board to be spread over three

years. The report was adopted.

Hatr-tTints In Paintinc.—The great difficulty in shading is the management of the half-tints. Any one can make an extreme shade of black ; and if the right feeling for half-tints and semi- tones is not a natural one—something analogous to that of a good ear for music—it can be to a great extent acquired, though in some cases it will demand a much greater amount of practical experience and observation than in others before they begin to perceive the many varities of tone which are spread upon the surface of an object, especially if it be an irregular one. Bat when we have to add colour in connexion with light and shade, we go farther into a field of change and variety that is unbounded. And here is the test of the painter. It is the management of the minor tones which makes all the differ- ence between a first-rate artist and a common country sign-painter. The latter may paint a red cow sufficiently well to answer the purpose of giving a title to the village ale-house. We will grant tbat he has the ability to make a tolerable representation of the animal in outline, but when he attempts to paint it he will do nothing more than fill up the oatline with red, and darken the parts in shade with black, because he can see nothing further; but the eye

-| of the true artist would seize upon the innume-

rable tinta spread all over the surface—the various degrees of colour influenced by the position aud strength of the light, some parts more brilliant, some more subdued, intermingled with greys of various hues in every portion— added to which are the reflections of colour and of light amongst the shadows, some warm, some cold: in short, to name all the changes and

| tones that would require his especial attention

can only be done by him who is able to paint them. Here, then, is the secret why one painter is greater than another; and their comparative excellence is determined by their ability to per- ceive and represent few or many of the infinite varities of tones scattered over every object in nature.—Cassell’s New Popular Educator.

Valve or House Property in New Yors.— The rise in the value of real property in the me- tropolis of America is shown by the following from the New York Times :—The south corner of Broadway and Bond-street has been valued within ao life time at 10 dollars: it was sold once for 250 dollars, then offered for 500 dollars, then for 2,800 dollars, and in 1839 was again sold for 18,000 dollars. Recently a sewing-machine company offered 200,000 dollars for it, which being declined they have leased the premises for a long term, and are about to open “the most magnificent sewing-machine establishment in the world.” Daring the past forty years the property has doubled in value every seven years. The whole of New York island was once sold for 10 dollars.

Tue Lystitution oF Crvit ENctnzers.—At the closing business meeting for the present Session, | held on Tuesday, the 19th instant, Mr. Charles | Hatton Gregory, president, in the chair, nine | Candidates were balloted for and duly elected. | The total number of elections during the Session | 1867-68 has been 150, viz. : 45 members, and 105 associates. The register of the iustitution now contains the names of 16 honorary members, 641 members, 914 associates, and 123 students, in all 1694, as against 1449 of the various classes at the same date last year, including at that time, 20 honorary members, 591 members, 834 asso- ciates, and 4 graduates. The class of students has been created during the session just con- cluded, to take the place of the old Graduate Class, which is now abolished.

THE BisHor or Lonpon’s CHURCH-BUILDING Funp.—The Bishop of London’s proposal to raise @ million sterling for church building and other ecclesiastical purposes is not likeiy, it is said, to be fully accomplished. Five of the ten years which were allowed for raising the fand have passed, and less than a third of the total amount has been contributed. A pastoral by the bishop has been read in all the churches of his diocese, calling for additional subscriptions, j and stating the various objects on which the | money received has been expended. The sum /of 51,5001. has been given as stipends for 113 | additional clergymen ; 49,0001. have been voted |towards building forty-seven new churches; | 48,0001. for educational purposes; 54,0001. for church and school sites ; and 35,0001. for objects specified by the donors.

Artists’ General BENEVOLENT INstTITUTION.— The fifty-third anniversary of this charity was held on Saturday night, at the Freemasons’ Tavern, Mr. John Duke Coleridge, M.P., in the chair. It appears from the report of the opera- tions of the charity for the past year, that the total income was 1,6861., of which 9661., were subscribed at the last anniversary dinner. During the year seventy-six applicants were relieved with the sum of 1,3171. The charity is administered with so mach economy that an average of the last six years shows an annual expenditure of not more than 1341. The losses sustained by so many persons in all classes of society by the financial panic of 1866 have for the present prevented the committee from taking any further steps to raise a special sam of money for the endowment of an artists’ orphan home, and thus avail themselves of the liberal offer made to the institution in 1866. The company present was abont 150 in number. Subscrip- tions to the amount of nearly 8001. were an- nounced in the course of the evening.

AccIDENT WITH AN ExcavaTiING ENGINE AT KeEnsineton.—A serious accident has occurred at the Gloucester and Cromwell-roads cutting, Kensington, where an extension line of the Metropolitan Railway is in course of construc- tion. It appears that a steam excavating en- gine, together with the necessary implements and tackle, were fixed at the mouth of a pit, and the process of delving and bringing up the soil to the surface was being carried on, when, from some cause or other, the engine, &c., with its weighty accompaniments, fell over into the pit. There were three men on the engine at the time of its fall, the engineer, the stoker, and an attendant (who were severely injured), and several labourers or miners were at work below. As the engine descended the shorings were torn away, and the whole mass of mould and débris fell to the bottom. Providentially, the men at work below received the alarm by the crashing of the timber shoring, the roaring and hissiog of the steam and water, and the sudden blocking out of the light. They all escaped with the ex-

ception of one man.

if ff ¥

is

oH %

PEE LACES

382

THE BUILDER,

[May 23, 1868,

Avtar or Fire at BuckrncHaM PaLace.— On Friday, in last week, shortly after the arrival of the Prince and Princess of Wales at the State ball given by command of the Queen, and whilst the company was still arriving, and the ball was about to commence, it was found that from the too great heat of the gas the glass of an illuminated window cracked and fell to the floor, and the flame of the gas had commenced to attack the wooden framework. Fortunate the contractor and two men were in attend- ance, and they at once ran to the main and turned the gas off. The people outside, however, fearing that the palace would be destroyed, had sent off for the engines of the Metropolitan Brigade, and in & very few minutes four or five land-steamers, with a number of manual machines, arrived at the entrance to the palace, but, of course, the services of the firemen were not required.

Liverrpoo. ArcHiTEcturaL Socrety. — The annual meeting has been held at the Royal Institution, Mr. Kilpin in the chair. The fol- lowing prizes for designs of churches were pre- sented :—First, Mr. George Smith; and second, Mr. W. J. Casson. The first prize for figure- drawing was awarded to Mr. Thomas Medcalfe, and the second to Mr. H. H. Hermann. The statement of accounts showed that at the end of last year there was a balance in hand of upwards of 101., and there now remained a balance of 5l. 15s. 3d. The secretary read the report of the council, which showed that the society had con- tinued to increase in numbers, which was a proof that its influence and status in the town had not diminished. On the motion of Mr. Boult, the report was adopted. Mr. J. P. Horner was unanimously elected president of the society for the ensuing year; and Messrs. Haigh and Vale were appointed vice-presidents. The other officers were appointed, after which it was agreed that the annual excursion of the Society should this year be to Gressford and Wrexham. The chairman then read an address, in the course of which he alluded to the importance which ought to be attached to the establishment of labourers’ dwellings, and made a complaint as to Liverpool not having a fine-art exhibition, such as Edinburgh and Glasgow had.

Tue Kirsy UnperpaLte Tumvutvus. — During April the Rev. Canon Greenwell, of Durham, and several local archwologists, have been engaged in the full examination of the large tumulas on Lord Halifax’s estates on the Wold scarp, near Kirby Underdale. The results of the examination just closed are very curious. The mound was circular, but very flat, not being more than 3 ft. high, with a diameter of 94 ft. This was due to cultivation, how- ever. The barrow was both British and Anglo- Saxon, one over the other. The inner British barrow was 70 ft. in diameter, and covered only one burnt interment in a central grave nearly 7 ft. deep. Except in the diseovery of parts of a British drinking-cup, a green-stone axe, and a few flints near, on the east, there was no further trace of the Britons. Upon the British mound, however, the Anglo-Saxons had formed a large cemetery, depositing their bodies upon it in rows 3 ft. apart, and the bodies them- selves also about 3 ft. apart. These rows all ran east and west, and the burial upon the sur- face was shown by the elevated heads on the east side, and the heads lowest on the west. The burials exceeded seventy in number. The great bulk of the burials were contracted, many of them very much so, resembling British interments, and in this disagreeing with the almost invariable mode of Anglo- Saxon interment at full length. An immense number of relics have been found with the seventy burials. Of these the chief are five iron swords, forty iron knives (various), some of which have been in contact with cloth, the impression remaining on the oxide; twelve iron steels for sharpening knives, some showing signs of much use; eight necklaces of glass and pot beads, two with gold pendants, one with silver pendants, and an ivory one set in silver; twenty bronze buckles, some of them gilt ; thirty iron buckles, four bronze boxes (one full of thread of two kinds), a flint and steel, &c. The special pecn- liarjties of this grand tumulus were—the con-

Anglo-Saxon burials, the absence of cruciform fibula and spears, the frequency of bronze boxes, no coffins, &c., and particularly the finding of skeletons of young men—the aged ones being invariably those of women. This is regarded as an indication of frequent wars having carried off the male population at an early age.

Tue Serron Park Quantitizs.—The mem- bers of the Liverpool Town Couneil who took exception to the quantities taken out by Messrs. Andre & Hornblower, employed Messrs. Mills & Fletcher to check the quantities, and the result is a difference, on an amount of over 70,0001., of only I8l. 3s. 5d. To Messrs. Andre & Horn- blower’s charge of 1,0001. for taking out the quantities, there have now been added 3221, charged by Messrs. Mills & Fletcher for check- ing these quantities. .

Process For Coverine Iron aND STEEL with Copper without a Batrery.—This pro- cess, due to Herr Graeger, is described in a recent number of Dr. Boettger’s Polytechnisches Notizblatt, according to the Scientijic Review for May. The objects are first well cleaned, and then painted over with a solution of protochloride of tin, and immediately afterwards with an ammoniacal solution of sulphate of copper. The layer of copper thus produced adheres so firmly to the iron or steel that the different objects can be rabbed and polished with fine chalk without injuring the deposit. The tin solution is prepared with one part of crystallised chloride of tin, two parts of water, and two parts of hydrochloric acid ; the copper solution with one part sulphate of copper, sixteen parts of water, and ammonia sufficient to re-dissolve the precipitate formed when itis added. Zinc and galvanised iron can be treated, according to Boettger, directly by the copper solution, without using the tinsalt. The above process may be found useful by gilders, and for various ornamental purposes.

TENDERS.

For warehouse and stabling, Cross-street, Finsbury. Mr, H. J. Hammond, architect :—

Ennor 0 06

Turner & Sons 0 0

acey 00

Bishop 0 0

Eaton & Chapman e : 0

For dwelling-house, River, Kent, for Mr, Alfred Kings- ford, Mr. Rowland Rees, jun., architect :—

WE cscccchshsniohiapthcinsascartidovadeat £2,283 0 0 Adevek 2,150 0 0 Tunbridge 1,965 0 0

For the erection of gate-lodge, on the Lincoln-road, for Mr. James Thorpe. Mr. Charies Baily, architect :-— Fretwell (accepted) ........0:s.00000. 2300 @ 0

For the erection of cottege, near malthouses, Newark, for Mr. William Gilstrap. Mr. Charles Baily, architect :-— Mackenzie & Fretwell (aecepted) £204 0 0

For the erection of four warehouses, Monkwell-street, Wood-street, E.C, Mr. Herbert Ford, architect, Quan- tities supplied by Messrs. Hovenden & Heath :—

Stone Front,

& Bon ......... £19,655 0 0 ...275 0 0 Conder & Sons....... - 1,632 00 .. 76 0 @ Lawrence & Sons ... 10,532 0 0 ... 1560 0 O Piper & Wheeler ... 10,500 6 0 ... 70 0 0 Turner & Sons......... 10,470 0 0 ... &8 00 Myers & Sons ......... W443 00... 6 O00 King & Sons............ 10,360 0 0 ... 9 0 0 Crabb & Vaughan... 10,296 0 0 ... 211 0 0 Mann 10,175 0 0 ... 0 0 @ lee 0... 290 ¢

Henshaw ............... 9,985 0 0 ... 125 0 0 Browne & Robinson. 9,879 0 0 ... 98 0 0 BOOMS isn casentiniaculbaie 9,747 0 0... 8 0 0 Webb & Sons......... 9,684 00... 6 0 0

For finishing two houses in Granada-road, Southsea. Mr, A. D, Dawnay, architect :—

With Pointed With Bay Out- Fronts, Windows, buildings. Ward & Son ...£472 0 0 .., £632 0 0 ...@5711 4 Backhurst ...... 45 00... 57900... 0 0 0 Morey wre 495 0 0 563 0 0 .., 10 0 Burbidge......... 3909 0 0 .. 60 00 .. 410 0 Blackburn ...... _ wie ee . BW S90 Bailey ...ccccessce ~ on OO us me For new school-rooms, v: Commercial-street

&e.,

Chapel, Northampton. Bir. T. Heygate Vernon, architect, Quantities supplied by Messrs. Mann & Saunders :— e 0

SOON on aca baddbtcneesdagnonbibskbaciuca: £1,399 0 Redshaw 1,384 0 0 Marsh 1,350 0 0 WEIN <ccincabdnmseinemeniprséioninen 1,200 0 0 PRCA i SER aE ME 1,126 0 0 Smith, Brothers ..............0000.05 1,116 0 6 Clarke & Heap ........ evecevesetnabees 1,090 0 0 Cosford & Ewery (accepted) ... 1,000 0 0

Sisatleidibinanenbapeotceesasie 400

For the erection of tive c near the Cornwall- road, Hammersmith. Mr, John Milall, architect, Quan- tities not supplied :—

Beaziey ... : .«» £1,100 . 0 Chamberlain, Bros. ............- ~ 1,065 0 J. & BP. Ra: sapeepavioniveneiioney,; saan -@

For alterations and repairs at the Prinee of Branswick Inn, Bronewsick-street, Biackfriars, for Mr. H, G mrenaee, ee D. Haylock, architect :—

Winterton Stone

SEREE ecoeoo eceoo

Harrington Langmead & Way (accepted) ......

For house and offices at Stoke Newington, for Mr, Go, Bocse, Besk & lon, erent ™

ELLEN OLE LAL £3,007 0 0 2,960 0 Collis & Son. 2,900 0 6 one Gees aetssetuanes ose roy : ~ etl & hone csssoccessomestemsecses Mee OO Sewell & Son..... wines BR: @ © Foster 2,670 0 0 Conder. 2,573 0 0 For new assembly-rooms at Stoke Newington. Mesers, Reck & Lee, architects :—

Collis & Son £2,950 6 @ Woodward 2,780 @ 0 Browne & Robi 2,608 0 0

Liebe 2,687 0 0 Webb & Sons. 2,666 0 0 Ashby & Sons. 2,564 0 0 Conder. 23,472 0 0

ecacbbsnsiuvess ovate scduckioasbel £9,987 0 0 Patman .. 9,986 0 0 Kelty, Be0Gs .0iccsscscccssasees wdapae 9,721 0 0 WB ccsomnsssncnionse 9,630 0 0 Keeble 9623 0 0 Wells 9,5 0 0 Newman & Maan ..............00004 - 9486 0 0

00 00 60 0 0 00 00 00

road. Mr. J. Phelps, architect :— TE vncencpncesepnenpeceusipnangotganeay £11,670 0 0 TARIID vesetsesvers cnc onchbnsteiverensncsas 11,599 0 @ Downes ... 11,560 0 0 00 0 0 00 60 60 00 00 0 0 00 00 00

For Kensington sewers. Mr. J. Broadbridge, sur-

veyor :—

. Floyd £1,900 0 0 Crockett 1847 0 0 Nicholson 1,820 0 0 Bloomfield. ........0...s-erccrsseserseece 1,813 0 O Goodair 1802 9 0 Whittick 1,758 0 0 W gmore (accepted) ........0-..6 1,685 0 0 Wainwright ....,....cccces.cacereeeees 1,680 0 0 Falaoner 1576 0 0 Taeey &. C0. ccorereverescoveranee wee 1,350 0 0

¥or house at Bound’s Green, for Mr, G. P. Francis.

Mr, A. Rowland Barker, architect :— Messrs. Brown... ....0......00ee+ ww. £1,110 0 0 ei = 33 potenmearnoceibenidiens Pocock 845 0 0 Serivener & Co. .....cccccccsccvee 824 0 O

For residence at Shepherd’s B for Mr. T.

Mr. C. Bradley, architect :— =, —— ard, Brothers .......,... covers 2,216 0 @ Tabb. e

1,346 0 Longmire & Burge (aecepted)... 1,697 0 0

For alterations to two houses, Islington, Li for Mr. John Stoward. Mesers. Picton, Seatann b beaien

— £610 0 6 BD ngacdvovepegecinreceieogabetiinnbesined 6 0 6 Tomkinson (accepted) ............ - 00 00

For alterations and sdditions in forming shop and offices in Peascod-street, Windsor, for Mr. R. . Mr, W. Simm, architect :—

Atkins £618 10 0 Snowball. 615 0 0 BOOGNEE cobscesacrtiviscelantextivpssscanaie 611 0 0

For the erection of a pair of semi-detached villas at

Sydenham, for Mr. W. A, Little, Mr. W. Powell, archi- Jacobs £2,080 0 0 WAPI IER ccouimponritucnninihenianveninds 1,950 0 0 Capps 1,900 0 0 Waterson 1,750 0 0

672 0 @

For the first portion of road and drains on the Bellewne Eatate, for Mr. W. A. Little. Mr, W. Powell, surveyor :—

¢ #18 10 8 apps Pere & CO. wucssscrsssscenseerereerces 205 0 O Colson 230 0 0 Green 200 0 @ 24 0 0 Ben bie 225 0 0 Dramwmond (accepted) .......... ~soe 228 8 6 Ha 210 0 0 Cole 198 10 0 Porter 195 0 0 T. Lawrence 186 0 0 176 0